题干

【历史上重大改革回眸】

材料:西汉建立后,“约法三章”不再适应现实需要,新的法令条文不断增加,形成《九章律》。汉武帝时,《九章律》之外的“旁章科条”迅速增至359“章”,仅关于死罪的法律条文便有1000多条,“律令颇多,百有余万言”;具有法律意义的案例汇编越编越多,《春秋》一书所记史事在判案时也用作参考。三国魏初.沿用的“秦汉旧律”竟多选906卷,770余万宇,东汉以来马融、郑玄等儒学大师对法律的注释也具有法律效力。

魏晋时对法律进行了重大改革。大量行政法被编辑为“令”,由具体行政部门掌握。改定的新律以刑法为主体,共20篇、620条、27600字,大大降低了官吏判案时任意引用法令条文的可能性。与汉代明显不同的是,新律不少条文突出上下尊卑,同罪而不同罚。

——摘编自张晋藩总主编《中国法制通史》

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    “There's a mother in PICU(儿童重症监护病房)who wants to talk about a kit she received,” the nurse told me. “Something about it made her cry.”

    I've been a child-1ife specialist at the Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital since 2000. I help families understand diagnoses and treatment plans and manage the ups and downs that come with caring for a sick child. Tough talks with parents are part of the job, which still makes me feel nervous.

    The kits the nurse was talking about were something I had recently introduced to the hospital: Comfort Kits from Guideposts. They were supposed to make a child's experience here easier, not upsetting.

    When I came across the kits at a conference. I fell in love with them. A treasure box of items designed not only to entertain kids, but to comfort and inspire them. There's a coloring book, a stress ball, a CD of relaxing music, a hairy star named Sparkle, a journal and much more. I really believed these kits would help kids. I wished I hadn't been mistaken.

    At the patient's room in PICU I saw a little girl, sleeping soundly, surrounded by tubes and machines. My eyes met her mother's. The kit was open on her lap and tears were running down her cheeks.

    “I'm Shannon. I manage the Child Life Department.” I said. “I'm sorry if the kit upset you .It's a new item…”

    The mother shook her head. “This has been one of the worst days of my life .I felt so scared and alone. Then I was handed this box. I know it's for my daughter, but it's just the comfort I needed. I wanted to say thank you.”

    With that I knew Comfort Kits belonged here. We've been using them for almost three years now. Each child who's admitted to the hospital receives one. Every day I see kids coloring, journaling, playing with Sparkle.

    But as this mom showed me Comfort Kits aren't just for kids. The hope they bring, which can be in short supply in hospitals sometimes, is felt by the whole family.