题干

阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一:众所周知,佛罗伦萨和热那亚是欧洲首先制造金币的两个国家,而意大利拥有货币,既与这两个城市共和国的贸易出超,要求有一个比较稳定和标准的货币有关,亦与他们掌握了古罗马世代相传的铸币技术有关……意大利地处地中海航线的中心,在哥伦布发现新大陆之前,地中海一直是东西方联系的纽带……意大利在9世纪时,在稍多于30万平方公里的土地上有几百座城市。意大利人的经商活动遍及西欧北欧、近东诸国,马可波罗还到了中国。到13世纪时,意大利已不仅经营工业和商业,还经营银行业。

——张椿年《文艺复兴的历史背景》

材料二:文艺复兴恢复了理性尊严和思索的价值。虽然文艺复兴在哲学上成就不大,但是它摧毁了僵化死板的经院哲学体系,提倡科学方法和科学实验,提出“知识就是力量”,开创了探索人和现实世界的新风气。人们坚信自己的眼睛和自己的头脑,相信实验和经验才是可靠的知识,这种求是态度、这种思维方式、这种科学方法为17,18及19世纪的自然科学的大发展打下了坚实的基础。

——尹虹《略论欧洲文艺复兴的历史作用》

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Dear Reader,
      Imagine an 11-year old girl whose days are often spent washing clothes, looking after a baby, working hard in the field.
Imagine a little girl who knows there will not be enough food for dinner, who can’t fill her stomach with water because it's polluted, and who has watched life slip away from her father, little brother and sister because the family is too poor to see a doctor.
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