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                                                                                                 说 “园”

                                                                                               陈从周
       我国造园具有悠久的历史，在世界园林中树立着独特风格，自来学者从各方面进行分析研究，各抒高见，如今就我在接触园林中所见闻掇拾到的，提出来谈谈，姑名“说园”。
       园有静观、动观之分，这一点我们在造园之先，首要考虑。何谓静观，就是园中予游者多驻足的观赏点；动观就是要有较长的游览线。二者说来，小园应以静观为主，动观为辅。大园则以动观为主，静观为辅。前者如苏州“网师园”，后者则苏州“拙政园”差可似之。人们进入网师园宜坐宜留之建筑多，绕池一周，有槛前细数游鱼，有亭中待月迎风，而轩外花影移墙，峰峦当窗，宛然如画，静中生趣。至于拙政园径缘池转，廊引人随，与“日午画船桥下过，衣香人影太匆匆”的瘦西湖相仿佛，妙在移步换影，这是动观。
        中国园林是由建筑、山水、花木等组合而成的一个综合艺术品，富有诗情画意。叠山理水要造成“虽由人作，宛自天开”的境界。山与水的关系究竟如何呢？简言之，模山范水，用局部之景而非缩小，处理原则悉符画本。山贵有脉，水贵有源，脉源贯通，全园生动。我曾经用“水随山转，山因水活”与“溪水因山成曲折，山蹊随地作低平”来说明山水之间的关系，也就是从真山真水中所得到的启示。明末清初叠山家张南垣主张用平冈小陂、陵阜陂阪，也就是要使园林山水接近自然。如果我们能初步理解这个道理，就不至于离自然太远，多少能呈现水石交融的美妙境界。
       中国园林的树木栽植，不仅为了绿化，要具有画意。窗外花树一角，即折枝尺幅；山间古树三五，幽篁一丛，乃模拟枯木竹石图。重姿态，不讲品种，和盆栽一样，能“入画”。拙政园的枫杨、网师园的古柏，都是一园之胜，左右大局，如果这些饶有画意的古木去了，一园景色顿减。树木品种又多有特色，如苏州留园原多白皮松，怡园多松、梅，沧浪亭满种箬竹，各具风貌。一个地方的园林应该有那个地方的植物特色，并且土生土长的树木存活率大，成长得快，几年可茂然成林。它与植物园有别，是以观赏为主，而非以种多斗奇。要能做到“园以景胜，景因园异”，那真是不容易。同中求不同，不同中求同，我国园林是各具风格的。古代园林在这方面下过功夫，虽亭台楼阁，山石水池，而能做到风花雪月，光景常新。我们民族在欣赏艺术上存乎一种特性，花木重姿态，音乐重旋律，书画重笔意等，都表现了要用水磨功夫，才能达到耐看耐听，经得起细细的推敲，蕴藉有余味。在民族形式的探讨上，这些似乎对我们有所启发。
                                                                                                                                                                                          （节选自《陈从周园林随笔》）

Canadian English is the variety of English spoken in Canada. English, instead of French, is the first language, or “mother tongue”， of approximately 24 million Canadians (77%), and more than 28 million (86%) are fluent in the language.

Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English in its vocabulary, as well as Canadian native language. In many areas, speech is influenced by French, and there are notable local variations. Canada has very little dialect diversity compared to the United States. Canadian English and American English are sometimes classified together as North American English. Canadian English spelling is largely a combination of British and American conventions(惯例)．

The term “Canadian English” is first proved in a speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in a speech to the Canadian Institute in 1857. Geikie, a Scottish-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric attitude that would be common in Canada for the next hundred years when he referred to the language as “a ruined dialect，” in comparison to what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain.

Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration and settlement over a period of almost two centuries. The first large wave of long English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the arrival of Loyalists escaping from the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic states—as such, Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have come from northern American English. Recent studies suggest that Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19th century. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser influence.