题干

阅读以下材料:

材料一:天惟时求民主,乃大降显休命于成汤

材料二:在西方某些政治学和历史学的著作中,总是津津乐道地称颂伯利克里时代的所谓民主政治,并以它的“优越性”来贬抑所谓的东方君主专制。在此,我们很有必要剖析一下雅典奴隶制民主政治并非十全十美,而是存在着极大的局限性。

——刘自成《伯利克里时代新解》

材料三:据哈蒙德的《希腊史》估计,公元前431年,雅典的全部人口约40万人,其中奴隶约20万人,自由民16万8千人,其余为外邦人。

——潘桂仙《试析伯利克里时代民主政治局限性》

材料四:关于苏格拉底之死的材料

雅典人口总数

雅典公民总数

陪审、审判人员及产生方式

表决形式

程序

罪名

陪审员

审判员

产生方式

约40万

约4.2万

6,000

501

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举手

一审制

慢神和蛊惑青年

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    Can people change their skin color without suffering like pop king Michael Jackson? Perhaps yes. Scientists have found the gene that determines skin color.

    The gene comes in two versions, one of which is found in 99 percent of Europeans. The other is found in 93 to 100 percent of Africans, researchers at Pennsylvania State University report in the latest issue of Science.

    Scientists have changed the color of a dark-striped zebra-fish(斑马鱼) to uniform gold by inserting a version of the pigment (色素) gene into a young fish. As with humans, zebra-fish skin color is determined by pigment cells, which contain melanin (黑色素). The number, size and darkness of melanin per pigment cell determine skin color.

    It appears that, like the golden zebra-fish, light-skinned Europeans also have a mutation (变异) in the gene for melanin production. This results in less pigmented skin.

    However, Keith Cheng, leader of the research team, points out that the mutation is different in human and zebra-fish genes.

    Humans acquired dark skin in Africa about 1.5 million years ago to protect bodies from ultra-violet rays of the sun (太阳光紫外线), which can cause skin cancer.

    But when modern humans leave Africa to live in northern latitudes, they need more sunlight on their skin to produce vitamin D. So the related gene changes, according to Cheng.

    Asians have the same version of the gene as Africans, so they probably acquired their light skin through the action of some other gene that affects skin color, said Cheng.

    The new discovery could lead to medical treatments for skin cancer. It also could lead to research into ways to change skin color without damaging it like chemical treatment did on Michael Jackson.