材料：隋文帝取消地方政府对州刺史和其他地方官员的任命权，而将这一权力交给吏部。然后，逐步采用其他措施以使集中的任命权有效地实施。措施之一为“回避法”，它规定州县官员不得在其原籍任职。此外，还对地方官员的政绩进行年终考核，并根据评定的结果升降赏罚。为了维护新的官吏体制，又采用了几种对策。一是皇帝亲自巡视，文帝就花了很多时间考察地方官员的行政效率。另一个对策是他指派巡视州县政府的官员，使之充当隋帝“远布之耳目”。第三个对策是派专使调查某一特殊情况，然后上报。第四个是利用御史台，它拥有大权，不但能查访官员的公务，而且还了解他们的私生活，如有不良行为，即行弹劾。

——摘编自费正清《剑桥中国隋唐史》

阅读理解                                                           

                                                                Table manners in America

        Don't circle your plate with your arms. If you do so, you will become the focus  (焦点)  of the table. Everyone would wonder, "Is there anything wrong with the food?" This may give a wrong message that you don't like the food or something like that.

       Don't push the plate back when finished. Leave it where it was. Do you want to let the hostess (女主人)(1)_________(know ) that you've just done a labours。

        Don't lean (倚靠) back and say "I'm through" or "I'm full". Just put the fork and knife across the plate. That's all. 

       (2)Don't cut up everything before you start to eat. Cut only one or two bites (块) at a time. Never take a huge mouthful of anything. Do you want to show how hungry you are? Don't do that. It's not so good.

        It's never good to reach across the table for anything. If the thing you want is not at hand, simply ask the nearest person for help, like "(3) Mrs. Smith, could you pass me the dish?"

____可以用来测量风向。