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读日本图,回答下列各题。

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同类题2

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    Recently, my mother asked me to drop off some letters at the post office and pick up some stamps for her. Without giving it a thought, I took the letters and purchased her stamps.

    A few days later, she mentioned that one of the letters I had mailed was missing a stamp, and asked me if I had put a stamp on it. She had remembered asking me to put a stamp on it, though I certainly had not heard her. So, unfortunately, it looked like the letter, which was a bill of course, would come back marked "Return to Sender for Insufficient Postage". A few days went by and I returned to the post office to pick up our mail. While I was there, I saw the postmaster and happened to tell him about Mom's letter missing the stamp. I asked him to be on the lookout for it coming back. It was then that he told me his story. "You know," he said, "I immediately saw after you had dropped the mail off that your letter was missing a stamp. I also noticed that it was a bill for a credit card company. I thought to myself that you have always been kind to me and my partner, and I wanted to return the favor. So, to prevent your mother from getting charged a late fee from the credit card company, I took money from our change dish (extra pennies for folks who need one), and purchased a stamp for you."

    When I heard it, I couldn't believe it. What a blessing that was! I thanked him over and over again for putting the stamp on the letter for us. Then, I immediately dumped(倾倒) all the change out of my purse and into the penny dish in order to help others out in the future. When I got home, I was able to tell Mom the good news. This was kindness karma(因果报应) in action, I believe!

同类题3

阅读下面文字,回答下面小题。

    诗与禅是两种不同的意识形态,一属文学,一属宗教,它们的归趣显然是不同的。然而,诗和禅都需要敏锐的内心体验,都重启示和象喻,都追求言外之意,这又使它们有了互相沟通的可能。禅宗在唐代确立以后,就在诗人中间产生了广泛的影响,他们谈禅,参禅,诗中有意无意地表现了禅理、禅趣,而禅师也在诗中表现他们对世界和人生的观照与理解。于是诗和禅就建立了联系。

    诗和禅的沟通,表面看来似乎是双向的,其实主要是禅对诗的单向渗透。诗赋予禅的不过是一种形式而已,禅赋予诗的却是内省的功夫,以及由内省带来的理趣;中国诗歌原有的冲和淡泊的艺术风格也因之占据了更重要的地位。元好问说:“诗为禅客添花锦,禅是诗家切玉刀。”也许把禅的作用估计过高,但不可否认,禅给了诗一种新的刺激,使诗的面貌更加丰富多彩了。

    禅对诗的渗透,可以从两方面看:一方面是以禅入诗,另一方面是以禅喻诗。

    以禅入诗,是指把禅意引入诗中。其中有些作品是用禅语阐述禅理,只有诗的躯壳而没有诗的审美价值,严格地说不能算是诗,或姑且称之为“禅言诗”。这些诗总的看来并无可取之处,只有个别富有理趣的作品尚能引起我们的兴趣。如苏轼的《琴诗》:“若言琴上有琴声,放在匣中何不鸣?若言声在指头上,何不于君指上听?”《楞严经》曰:“譬如琴瑟琵琶,虽有妙音,若无妙指,终不能发。”是此诗之本。这个比喻本来就有趣,经苏轼点化后更有机锋。在儿童般天真的发问中,包含着耐人寻思的理趣。

    更值得研究的是另一些作品,它们或写花鸟,或绘山水,或吟闲适,或咏渔钓,并没有谈禅,但在笔墨之中、笔墨之外寓有禅意。例如王维的《鹿柴》:“空山不见人,但闻人语响。返景入深林,复照青苔上。”远处的人语衬托着山的空寂,密林里漏下一线落日的返照。那微弱的光洒在碧绿的苔藓上,显得多么冷清!青苔对这阳光并不陌生,黎明时分,亭午时分,都曾受过它的照射。现在到了黄昏,它又照来了。然而这次复返,它的亮度、热度和色调都发生了变化。这青苔返照如同一个象征,使人想到大千世界就这样不知不觉地生生灭灭,无有常住。禅宗重视“返照”的功夫,“返景入深林,复照青苔上”所用的字面也使人联想到禅宗的教义。而诗里所体现的清静虚空的心境,更是禅宗所提倡的。

    禅对诗的渗透,另一方面就是以禅喻诗。这是传统的说法,比较笼统。细分起来,有以禅参诗、以禅衡诗和以禅论诗的区别。以禅参诗是用参禅的态度和方法去阅读欣赏诗歌作品。以禅衡诗是用禅家所谓大小乘、南北宗、正邪道的说法来品评诗歌的高低。以禅论诗则是用禅家的妙谛来论述作诗的奥妙。这是不同的三种以禅喻诗,前人把它们混在一起,所以讲不清楚。

(节选自袁行霈《诗与禅》)