明末有人描述江南农村的变化时说，百年前的雇工“戴星出入，俗柔顺而主令尊”，如今“骄惰成风，非酒食不能劝”“夏必加下点心，冬必与早粥”。这一变化反映了（  ）

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                                                                                                            父亲的自行车
                                                                                                                  曾业桃
        ①那次回老家，父亲说自行车丢了。“唉，真倒霉，到菜场买菜，一转头自行车就没了。丢就丢了，再买一辆，又不值多少钱。”我对父亲说。A父亲没有吭声，只是神情沮丧，仿佛多年前和我赶集走散的光景。
         ②记忆里，父亲的自行车是在我五六岁时买的。那时，父亲在镇上的供销社上班，母亲在乡下务农。父亲为了方便回家干农活和照看我们，花费半年的工资买了辆凤凰牌自行车。
        ③有了自行车，我和一起出生的弟弟就有了期盼。日之夕矣，我们坐在门槛上焦急地等待父亲。当我们听到隐隐的铃声，便赛跑一般穿过那打谷场，跨过小桥，朝竹林那边的石子路冲去。我们赛跑的原因只是为了能坐在前面的单杠上按铃铛。自然我总是比弟弟跑得快。等到我兴奋地把铃铛按得叮当直响时，弟弟往往才气喘吁吁地赶到。父亲像先前抱我一样把弟弟抱上后座，乐呵呵地推着我们回家。
        ④最快乐的等待在节日里，因为父亲的自行车上比往常多了月饼、糖果之类的东西，它们是那时最美昧的食品。铃声还没有响，我和弟弟就已经翘首以待。我们一边等待，一边讨论，一边想像自行车满载而归的情形。等待的时光快乐而漫长。或许是单位加班的缘故，或许是我们心情焦急的缘故，父亲在节日里似乎总回来得晚些。太阳快要落山了，父亲尚未归来。B “爸爸回不回来呀’”弟弟担心地问。“怎么不回来，你听，铃声。”铃声并没有响，我只是哄他。“好像有。”弟弟侧耳倾听，但很快又失望了。
        ⑤记忆里，总是在我们略略失望时，铃声乍起。于是，我们又赛跑着上路，不过，这时的我们不是争坐前面，而是争提食品。父亲取下食品，每人手里放一些。我们小心翼翼地往家提，生怕有半点闪失。
        ⑥记忆里也有不快乐的时光。我和弟弟常常同时生病，而且常常在夜晚。等到忙碌一天的父亲准备休息时，我们便开始发烧。为什么我们的病总在晚上发作？我很不明白。我只记得，父亲把我们一前一后放在车上，急匆匆地往镇卫生院赶，父亲要推六七里路才能到达。有时。月光如水，静静地铺在父亲的背上，显得那么温乖；有时，满天星辰，每一个亮晶晶的星星都在向我们眨眼，似乎是责备我们又惹父亲劳神：有时，夜黑似漆，父亲和自行车在黑暗中一步一步艰难地摸索，而我们常常就在自行车上睡着了。
        ⑦轮到我们上学，父亲的自行车便成了我、弟弟还有二哥的公交车。父亲便请会木工手艺的二叔在车的后座上加了一块结实的木板。我和二哥坐在后面，弟弟则坐前面。父亲骑得十分费劲，数九寒冬都会累得满头大汗。若逢雨天，他骑得更吃力，汗水和雨水混在一起，分不出哪是汗水哪是雨水。但无论天气如何，父亲都坚持把我们按时送到学校，从未让我们迟到。
        ⑧父亲黯然的神情让我想起过去，也许父亲和我一样并不在乎买自行车的钱，在乎的只是逝去的艰难岁月，而我更多了一份对父爱的深深谢意。   

美国提出“星球大战”计划从对苏战略上看，最主要目的是

             Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of prenatal involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child's class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女) where schools except them to act as partners in their children's education. Previous generations concentrated on getting children to 
school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn.
       Kaith Robinson, the author of the study, said, "I really don't know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be 
involved in their kids' education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was
 parents' help with homework." Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task." They may 
either not remember the material their kids are studying now, or in some cases never learnt it themselves, but they're still offering advice."
       Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically
 insignificant.
      Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because "children with good academic success do have involved
 parents ", admitted Robinson. But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success." A big 
surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved. They took a more reasonable approach, conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives."