阅读下文，回答问题

揭开青蒿素的神秘面纱

沈源峻、朱蕊

       ①中国首位获得诺贝尔奖的科学家名叫屠呦呦，令她获此殊荣的成果是青蒿素。青蒿素为人类健康做出过哪些贡献？这还得从人类与疟疾之间千百年的斗争说起。

       ②当人类以农为生、居有定所之后，一种令患者时而冷到发抖、时而发热高烧的疾病便开始在人群中蔓延。当时现代科学尚未问世，这种疾病被称为“疟疾”。古人还发现，疟疾常发于生活在沼泽或水田周边的人群中，而且越是炎热，发病的概率就越高。几千年来，人类深受其害却束手无策。

       ③“新发现”的美洲大陆不仅为“旧世界”带来了土豆和番茄，还带来了一种治疗疟疾的特效植物——金鸡纳树。据记载，西方在1640年以前便引进了金鸡纳树，并以其树皮为原料，提取金鸡纳霜用于治疗疟疾。

       ④1820年，法国科学家从金鸡纳树皮中提取出了有效单体——奎宁。从那时起，人类开始在与疟疾的斗争中占据主动权。60年后，法国军医拉韦朗首次在患者的红细胞里发现了疟原虫，这也是人类发现的第一种致病性原生生物。之后，在一代又一代医疗卫生工作者的辛勤努力下，人们终于确定了蚊子在疟疾传播过程中的重要作用。于是从20世纪初开始，蚊虫种群控制和奎宁的使用等措施，成功挽救了数以万计的生命。后来，德国科学家合成出了氯喹。这种药物的生产无须依赖金鸡纳树，因此得到了广泛应用。

       ⑤然而好景不长，人类尚未吹响剿灭疟原虫的号角，能够抵抗氯喹的疟原虫便从东南亚和南美洲地区扩散到了世界各地。

       ⑥于是，1967年，一项代号为“523项目”的抗疟药物研究项目在中国正式启动了。大批新中国的科学家，或是走访全国的城镇乡村以寻找民间验方，或是投身到中医古籍的查阅工作中去。项目研究期间，屠呦呦尝试了多种提取青蒿素的方案，但囿于常用的水煎法，抗疟成分往往还没被提取出来就分解了，最终的提取物不但纯度不高，产率也很低。

       ⑦山重水复之时，中医古籍中的一段记载引起了屠呦呦的注意。在古法的启发下，屠呦呦带领研究团队，创造性地采用低温乙醚萃取法。经过191次尝试，终于成功地将具有极强抗疟活性的青蒿素提取了出来。经过后续实验，屠呦呦团队发现，提纯后的青蒿素在高温下是稳定的。正是因为屠呦呦在青蒿素发现过程中提出的创造性实验方案，诺贝尔奖委员会将2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的一半奖金颁发给了她。

       ⑧目前，以青蒿素为基础的联合抗疟治疗，已经成为联合国推荐的抗疟方法，并正不断造福众多疟疾患者。可以说，青蒿素的问世极大减轻了单一使用奎宁类药物造成的疟原虫抗药性，为人类进一步研究战胜疟疾的方法争取了宝贵的时间。

       ⑨然而，随着青蒿素的广泛使用，医疗工作者发现一些疟原虫已对青蒿素产生抗性。疟疾能像天花一样，被人类彻底征服吗？让我们拭目以待吧！

                                                                                                                                                                         （选自《科学画报》2015年第11期）

阅读理解

    The police in Taiwan are unable to judge whether to treat it as an extremely clever act of stealing or an even cleverer cheat. Either way, it could be the perfect crime, because the criminals are birds — homing pigeons!

    The crime begins with a telephone message to the owner of a stolen car: if you want the car back, pay up. Then, the car owner is directed to a park, told where to find a bird cage and how to attach money to the neck of the pigeon inside. Carrying the money in a tiny bag, the pigeon flies off.

    There have been at least four such pigeon pick-ups in Changwa. What at first seemed like the work of a clever stay-at-home car thief, however, may in fact be the work of an even lazier and more inventive criminal mind — one that avoids not only collecting money but going out to steal the car in the first place. Police officer Chen says that the criminal probably has pulled a double trick: he gets money for things he cannot possibly return. Instead of stealing cars, he lets someone else do it and then waits for the car-owner to place an ad in the newspaper asking for help.

    The theory is supported by the fact that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded — under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars — seems too little for a car worth many times more.

    Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. “We have more important things to do,” he said.

    Small islands that bear the brunt of rising sea levels also face the greatest risk of diseases linked to a warmer planet, health leaders said on Saturday, as 13 million medical professionals added to the calls for a global climate pact.

    Hundreds of thousands more people will die every year from heat stroke and tropical illnesses unless negotiators in Paris can agree a strong global deal to decrease global warming the Global Climate and Health Alliance said.

    The Would Health Organization has warned that the effects of extreme weather on the fight against malnutrition, malaria and diarrhea alone will account for an extra 250,000 premature deaths a year by 2030.

    “In the case of small island states like Tuvalu, the health impacts of climate change are palpable,” said the island's health minister.

    “When we are talking about climate change, this is important for the future health of our people, and people everywhere.”

    John Usamate, health minister for Fiji, said the island was suffering from climate-related diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya, a disease transmitted by mosquitoes and unknown in Fiji.

    “As the climate changes, we are seeing new infectious diseases and many other health impacts,” he said.

    The Global Climate and Health Alliance groups more than 1,700 health organizations and 8,200 hospitals and health facilities.

    It is said it had collected 13 million signatories（签字者） from its members wanting to come to a medical agreement on the need to fight against global warming.

    Even without the wider effects of climate change, air pollution from fossil fuels, especially from coal-fired electricity and vehicle emissions（排放）, is a major cause of early death.

    In the European Union, more than 400,000 early deaths a year are linked to air pollution that cause respiratory disease and some forms of cancer, the European Commission has found.