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无冕之王——孔子

    孔子生活在中国社会大变动的春秋时期,当时的政治法典“周礼”已开始动摇,孔子主张对“周礼”应有所“损益”,才能巩固“君君臣臣父父子子”的统治秩序,但这一主张在当时政局不稳的鲁国无法实现。公元前517年,孔子便率弟子赴齐国,向齐景公提出“正名”的主张,认为君、臣、父、子要名符其实,各按其等级身份行事。“名不正则言不顺,言不顺则事不成,事不成则礼乐不兴,礼乐不兴则刑罚不中,刑罚不中则民无所措手足”。只有正名才能恢复周礼,维持统治。齐景公很高兴,准备重用孔子,却遭到晏婴的反对。孔子只好又回到鲁国。

    回到鲁国后,孔子主要从事教育,提出了著名的“仁”的思想。他提出的“仁”内涵很广,几乎包含了做人的全部规范,但主要是“克己复礼为仁”和“仁者爱人”两个方面。即克制自己的欲望以符合周礼,维护宗法制的上下尊卑关系是礼;爱护别人,处理好统治阶级内部及与劳动人民之间的关系是仁。他还提出:“己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人”“己所不欲,勿施于人”的“忠恕之道”,作为“为仁之方”。他说“人而不仁如礼何”,把“仁”用作推行“礼”的保证。“礼”规范了“仁”的内容。所以他又说“非礼勿视、非礼勿听、非礼勿言、非礼勿动”,只有视、听、言、动都符合礼,才能做到真正的“仁”。

    公元前501年,51岁的孔子终于有了实现自己政治抱负的机会。他当上鲁国的中都宰(首都市长),又晋升为管理工程建设的司空,后又升为管司法工作的司寇。不久,参加了齐景公提议的齐鲁两君夹谷会议。会上,他当场揭穿齐国劫持鲁定公威胁鲁国的阴谋,并迫使齐国退还侵占鲁国的城池,创造了鲁国外交史上的奇迹。公元前496年,孔子56岁时,由大司寇行摄相事。仅“闻国政三月”,就使鲁国风俗大变。但由于鲁定公态度渐渐消极,加上齐国的离间,孔子只得率领弟子辞职离开。

    孔子离开后,到各国游说,宣传自己的政治主张,但始终未被采纳。公元前484年,已68岁的孔子又回到了鲁国,重新从事教育工作。此时,他的教育目标由过去培养弟子参加政治活动,转变为侧重培养弟子做学问的能力。孔子认为,人虽有“生而知之”和“学而知之”之分,但应重视“学而知之”,强调知识于学习,“我非生而知之者,好古,敏以求之者也”。(《论语·述而》)他肯定一般人都可以接受教育,只要“自行束修以上”,他都来者不拒。他以学“礼”为主要内容,注重孝悌等道德的训导,提倡“学而优则仕”“仕而优则学”,鄙视“学稼”“学圃”等生产劳动。虽然其教育思想是为恢复和保持奴隶主统治,但许多观点是很有价值的。比如:他提出“学而不厌,诲人不倦”的教学态度;主张“不愤不启,不诽不发”的启发式教学;强调“知之为知之,不知为不知”的学习态度;对于学过的东西,要“学而时习之”,才能“温故而知新”;强调学思结合,“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆”;提倡“多闻”“多见”,对有疑问的地方,不要乱解或盲从,“毋意、毋必、毋固、毋我”。

    晚年的孔子主要是从事文化典籍的整理工作。他收集夏、殷、周的文献资料,整理编订出了《诗》《书》《易》《礼》《乐》等文化典籍,并将鲁国史料加以删订,整理出我国第一部编年体史书《春秋》。这些典籍包含了我国古代的政治、宗教、哲学、文学、史学、文化制度、社会情况和历史事迹等丰富的内容。在保存史料的同时,系统地表达了儒家的基本观点。

    孔子是我国杰出的思想家、教育家。他开创的具有重大影响的儒家学派,成为中国封建社会的正统文化体系,影响遍及世界,是当之无愧的无冕之王。

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    “A bird with a broken wing will never fly as high.” I'm sure that John would agree with this saying1he felt this way almost every day in school.

    By high school, John was the most famous2in his town. He was always absent, didn't answer questions and got into 3He had failed almost every exam by the time he entered his senior year, yet was 4each year to a higher grade level. Teachers didn't want to 5 him again the following year. John was moving on, but definitely not moving 6

    I met John for the first time at a weekend leadership training program since John was one of 405 students who7At the start of the training, John was just standing 8the circle of students, against the back wall. He didn't 9 join the discussion groups. But slowly, the interactive games 10 him in.

    The ice really melted (融化) when the groups started building a list of 11and negative things that had occurred at school that year. John12 some constructive ideas on those situations. The other students in John's group 13 his comments. All of a sudden John felt like a 14 of the group, and before long he was 15 like a leader. By the end of the training, he had joined the Homeless Project team. The other students on the team were 16 with his passionate concern and ideas. They17 elected John co-chairman of the team.

    John started18at school every day and answered questions from teachers for the first time. He led a second project19300 blankets and 1,000 pairs of shoes for the homeless shelter.

A bird with a broken wing only needs20. Once healed, it can fly higher than the rest.