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阅读下面的文章,回答下列各题。

       ①1927年,***领导的秋收起义部队攻打长沙失败后,在转移井冈山途中,恶仗一场接着一场。于是,不少人开了小差,甚至连师长也不辞而别。近6000人的队伍只剩下700多人。前面重兵围堵,后面追兵迫近。情势之严峻可想而知!在此紧要关头,***在三湾那棵大樟树下豪迈宣言:“愿走的,绝不强留;不愿走的你们会看到,星星之火可以燎原。用二三十年时间,革命终将取得胜利!”

       ②这是何等坚定的革命信念!从1927年秋收起义上井冈山,到1949年10月1日新中国成立,用时22年。

       ③无论谁,没有信念想成就一番事业,恐怕很难。大到革命理想﹣﹣走什么路、举什么旗,小到一项具体工作,莫不如此!

       ④因为有了信念,活着才有奔头,脚下才有力量。可以说:信念是指路的灯,是校正航线的舵,也是砥砺前行的鞭。

       ⑤相反,如果失去了信念,就会患得患失,稍有挫折便一蹶不振。甚至“脚踩西瓜皮,滑到南里是哪里”。这样,外界稍有诱惑,就会偏离人生航迹:这些年曝光的干部腐败、演员吸毒、“富二代”飙车等等,恐怕都是这个问题的反映。多年前曾看过一篇新闻,说是一个富家子弟,经常在夜深人静时偷偷把数吨水泥倾倒在邻居门前。警方破案后,揭出的案由令人啼笑皆非:原来是个恶作剧……

       ⑥人生有顺境也有逆境。顺境时,守住信念,会走得端直;逆境时,守住信念,能迈过沟坎。越是在困难的时候,越不放弃,咬住了,就是胜利!有篇文章《走出沙漠》,就把这个道理诠释得淋漓尽致。

       ⑦一群学者随一位老教授沿丝绸之路进行民俗考察。可是不久,迷了路,走进了一片杳无人烟的沙漠,干燥和炎热消耗了每个人的体力,食物已经没有了。最可怕的是干渴﹣﹣在沙漠里没有水,就等于死亡。为了节省水,老教授把大家的水壶集中起来,统一分配。几天后,老教授死了。临死前,他把最后一个水壶给了一位信任的助教,叮嘱他:“不到万不得已,千万别动它。”

       ⑧又是3天过去了,人已渴到生理极限,大家都死死盯着那壶水。可助教呢,死活不肯让大家喝,说还没到最后关头,并不断催促大家:“趁体力还行,再走一程,再走一程……到了前面,一定把水分给大家。”大家又艰难地朝前跋涉……就在大家就要绝望的时候,沙丘后面终于传来了流水声。

       ⑨这时,助教才把真相告诉大家:“挂在胸前的水壶,其实灌满了沙子,几天前就没水了。教授一直瞒着大家,是怕大家绝望……”

       ⑩确实,无论什么时候,守住信念才有成。有的时候,开头时,不少人会信心满满,可在跋涉过程中,或贪恋周围的“景色”,或受各种诱惑,脚步会慢慢迟滞下来。这时,千万别忘了告诫自己:是不是守住了信念?!

       ⑪记得有这么一句话:不要因为走得太久了,而忘记当初我们为什么出发!

(选自《人民日报》2015.05.26有删改 )

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    By trying to tickle(挠痒痒) rats and recording how their nerve cells respond, Shimpei Ishiyama and his adviser are discovering a mystery that has puzzled thinkers since Aristotle expected that humans, given their thin skin and unique ability to laugh, were the only ticklish animals.

    It turns out that Aristotle was wrong. In their study published on Thursday, Ishiyama and his adviser Michael Brecht found that rats squeaked and jumped with pleasure when tickled on their backs and bellies. These signs of joy changed according to their moods. And for the first time, they discovered a special group of nerve cells. These nerve cells made this feeling so powerful that it causes an individual being tickled to lose control.

    To make sure that he had indeed found a place in the brain where tickling was processed, Ishiyama then stimulated that area with electrical currents. The rats began to jump like rabbits and sing like birds.

    “It's truly ground-breaking,” said Jeffrey Burgdorf, a neuroscientist at Northwestern University who reviewed the paper. “It takes the study of emotion to a new level.”

    Burgdorf has played a central role in our understanding of animal tickling. He was part of a team that first noticed, in the late 1990s, that rats made special noises when they were experiencing social pleasure. Others had already noted that rats repeatedly made short and high sounds during meals. But the lab where Burgdorf worked noticed that they emitted similar sounds while playing. And so one day, the senior scientist in the lab said, “Let's go and tickle some rats.” They quickly found that those cries of pleasure doubled.

    “The authors have been very adventurous,” said Daniel O'Connor, a neuroscientist at Johns Hopkins University who studies touch. To him, that finding was very surprising.

    “Why does the world literally feel different when you are stressed out?” he said. “This is the first step towards answering that question. It gives us a way to approach it with experimental rigor(严谨).”