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    分子生物学家不怕公众问“你的研究有什么用”这样的问题,因为很多分子生物学的基础研究都有很强的实用性,几乎马上就可以指导医疗实践。DNA修复机制的发现也不例外。

    DNA修复涉及一系列蛋白质,如果其中任何一种不能正常合成,都可能导致DNA无法正常修复。这样的病人身体里的DNA损伤会以比常人快得多的速度积累,患某种肿瘤的概率也就比一般人大得多。

    在先天性DNA修复缺陷中,最有名的是着色性干皮病。病人的核苷酸切除修复机制不能正常运作,因此无法修复由紫外线造成的DNA损伤,哪怕是最轻微的阳光,都可以让皮肤起疱、发干并长出大量雀斑。病人100%会患皮肤癌,多在20岁之前离世。现在已经知道这种病有多种亚型,分别对应不同的缺陷基因。

    理论上讲,如果在产前能够检测这些基因是否存在缺陷,就可以避免生出有缺陷的新生儿。当然,考虑到着色性干皮病的发病率只有二十五万分之一,目前对这种病进行产前基因检查的需求可能并不迫切。相比之下更值得注意的是由先天性错配修复基因缺陷引起的遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌,这是遗传性结直肠癌中最常见的类型,在所有结直肠癌中占到2%-5%。复旦大学的研究表明,在东亚人群中这种基因缺陷较为常见,因此一定还有很多携带者未被发现。如果能通过基因检查确定为缺陷基因携带者,就可以早做预防,避免或推迟结直肠癌的发生。

    事实上,即使是一般人,也可能因为体内某些细胞的DNA修复机制出现后天的缺陷,而患上肿瘤。当这些修复机制不能正常运作之后,肿瘤细胞的DNA就更容易出现突变,肿瘤的恶性化程度也越高。然而与此同时,肿瘤细胞的繁殖也更依赖于还能正常运作的修复机制。如果这些修复机制也被破坏,DNA将更容易受到损伤,这样反而可以加快肿瘤细胞的死亡。

    基于这一原理,科学家们从DNA修复相关蛋白质入手,筛选可以抑制其活性的肿瘤化疗药物,已经有了初步成绩。欧洲生物制药公司阿斯利康就推出了一种叫奥拉帕尼的新药,可以抑制一种叫“聚ADP核糖聚合酶”的DNA修复蛋白质的活性,从而达到治疗肿瘤的效果。美国食品药品管理局(FDA)已经在2014年批准这种药上市,允许用它来治疗一种特殊类型的晚期卵巢癌。

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同类题3

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。

    One day, a boy found the cocoon(茧) of a butterfly and brought it home. A few days later, the boy saw a small 1 in the cocoon. He sat and watched for several hours as a butterfly struggled to make 2 body through that little hole. Suddenly it stopped.

    So the boy 3 to help the butterfly, thinking the butterfly might be 4. He took a pair of scissors(剪刀) and cut the hole 5. The butterfly came out of the cocoon, but it 6 a little different. It had a weak body and small, thin 7. The butterfly didn't start to fly. In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling(爬行) around with a weak body and thin wings. It was never able to fly.

    The boy acted with 8 but he didn't understand why it could be like this. When a butterfly crawls out of the cocoon, it must struggle. The hard work of 9 out of the cocoon makes the fluid(液体) from the butterfly's body into its wings. It helps the butterfly be 10 to fly. If the butterfly never has to squeeze(挤压) itself out of the cocoon, its wings will never get the fluid and it can never fly.

    11 struggles are what we need in our lives. If we lived our lives without any problems, we would never learn or grow. We would not be 12 we could have been and we would never fly.

    In our lives, pain and suffering is the key to all windows, and sometimes even 13 growth, without it, there's no way of life. We can't avoid 14 or problems. So, next time you are 15 a problem or difficulty, remember the butterfly. Struggle a little–then fly!