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我们的思想、见解、学识,可以从两个源泉中得来:一、从过去学者的遗籍;二,从社会、人生与自然的直接观察。第一种思想的源泉叫做‘读书’,第二种思想的源泉叫做“自动的研究”,或“自动的思想”。这两种思想源泉孰优孰劣?

读书,是把古人的思想重复思想一遍。这中间有几种好处:一、脑力经济:前人由无数直接经验和研究得来的有价值的思想,我们可以不费许多脑力就得着了;二、时间经济:前人用毕生的时间得着的新发现,像开普勒定律,我们可以在一小时的时间内就领会了,所以读书确有很大的价值。但读书最大的危险,就是我们读书读久了,安于读书,习于以他人的思想为思想,渐渐的把自己“自动研究”、“自动思想”的能力消灭了。这一层,德国哲学家叔本华说得极透彻。

叔本华说:读书是拿他人的头脑,代替自己的思想。读书读久了,我们的头脑中充满了许多外来的思想,这种外来的思想纷呈堆积,东一块,西一块,好像一堆乱石;不比那由我们自己心中亲切体验发展出来的思想,可以自成一个有生气的、有机体的系统。我们常常以他人的思想为思想,以读书为唯一的思索的时间,离了书本,就茫然不能思索,得了书本,就犹鱼得水,这种脑筋,至多不过是一个没有条理的藏书楼。我们要晓得古人留下来的书籍,好比是他在一片沙岸上行走时留下来的足印。我们虽可以从他这足印中看出他所行走的道路与方向,但却不能知道他在道路所看见的是些什么景物,所发生的是些什么感想;我们果真要了解这书籍中的话,获得这些书籍的益,还是要自己按着这书籍所指示的道路,亲自去行走一番,直接的看这路上有些什么景物,能发生些什么感想。

所以叔本华并不是绝对的反对读书——他自己读书之多,在欧洲学者中要算是少见——不过他极力鼓吹自动的观察,自动地思想。他说书籍中的知识,譬如武士的盾甲,一个强有力的武士,运用沉重的盾甲,可以自卫,可以攻战;一个能力薄弱的武士担负了一身沉重的盾甲,反而不能行动了。所以天才能多读书而不为书籍学问所拖累;普通人多读了书,只牢记了些书本中的死知识,不能运用,不能理解,反而对社会、人生、自然失去了亲切的了解,

以上我引了叔本华书本中的几句死话。他这话对不对,还要我们亲自去看。不过人家要问我:我们怎样去自动地研究,自动地思想呢?我必答道,自主的研究就是走到大自然中,自主地观察,自主地归纳。从中得来的思想,才是创造的思想,才是真实的学问,才是亲切的知识。这是一切学术进步的途径。这个途径不唯近代大科学家如是,就是古代天才的思想家也是如此。就看东周时的庄子,我们从他的书中。可以知道他每天并不是坐在家里死读书,他是常常走到自然中观察一切,思想一切,到处可以触动他的灵机,发挥他的妙想。他是中国学术史上最与自然接近的人,最富于自动地观察的人。也是个最富于创造的思想的人。我们模仿他的学者人格,再具有精密的科学方法。向着大自然间,做自动地研究,恐怕这神秘万方的自然,也要悄悄的告诉我们几件未曾公开的秘密呢!

(选自宗白华《读书与自动的研究》,有删改)

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D

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    Smart mug

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    Social robot

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    Fidget spinner

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