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光明中的温柔杀手

房渴

      ①每每谈到环境污染,人们首先会想到水污染、大气污染、噪音污染、固体废物污染等等,却很少察觉身边潜在的威胁——光污染。在大城市中,耀眼的路灯、建筑照明、灯箱广告等造成的光污染已成为直接影响人类身体健康和自然生态的又一环境杀手。有时人们借用“噪音”的叫法,把那些对人体有害的光叫“噪光”。光污染也被称为噪光污染。

      ②噪光污染主要有以下几种:不少高档商店和建筑物用大块镜面式铝合金装饰的外墙、玻璃幕墙等形成的光污染属于白亮污染;夜间一些大酒店、大商场和娱乐场所的广告牌、霓虹灯、大城市中设计不合理的夜景照明等,强光直刺天空,使夜间如同白日,这属于人工白昼污染;现代舞厅、歌厅安装的黑色灯、旋转灯、荧光灯以及闪烁的彩色光源则构成了彩光污染。

      ③光污染被称作是视力杀手。据统计,我国高中生近视率近60%,居世界第二位。有关卫生专家认为,其主要原因并非单纯用眼习惯所致,而是视觉环境受到噪光污染。其中不仅包括上面所提到的白光、彩光等,甚至室内光源、墙面、镜面、瓷砖以及书写使用的书籍纸张都是视觉环境的噪光污染源。

      ④据科学测定,一般白粉墙的光反射率为69%﹣80%,镜面玻璃的光反射率为82%﹣88%,特别光滑的粉墙和洁白的书簿纸张的光反射系数高达90%,比草地、森林或毛面装饰物面高10倍左右,这个数值大大超过了人体所能承受的光辐射适应范围。如果人长期在这种反光条件下工作或生活,视网膜会受到不同程度的损害,其感光细胞功能受到抑制,造成视力急剧下降,白内障发病率有时可达45%。

      ⑤光污染干扰着生态。数百万年来,地球上的一切生物都是在自然光的作用下成长繁殖的,现在的照明对自然界是一种非常严重的干预。科学家发现,一只小型广告灯箱一年可以杀死35万只昆虫。长此下去,很可能会严重危及昆虫世界的多样性。因为昆虫是大自然食物链上的一个重要环节,比如说鸟类和蝙蝠,就是以昆虫为主食的。许多植物是靠昆虫传粉授花的。如果没有了昆虫,必将导致严重的生态灾难。

      ⑥人工灯光的光点有时可以传到数千公里之外。不少动物虽然远离光源,却也受到光的作用。鸟类在迁徙期最容易受人工光源的干扰。它们原本是以星星定向的。城市的照明光却常常使它们迷失方向。有时候鸟类还误把高楼的灯光当作星星,最后撞死在大楼上。据美国鸟类学家统计,每年都有400万只鸟因撞上高楼上的广告灯而死去。

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根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有两项为多余选项。    

Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people?           Yet a very young child – or even an animal, such as a pigeon, can learn to recognize faces. We all take this for granted.

____ When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.

Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. ____ ____ But if you were asked to describe a “nice person”, you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.

There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Airport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. ____ Bookworms, conservatives, military types – people are described with such terms.

People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. ____

A  If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” look like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.

B  But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.

C  We also tell people apart by how they behave.

D  People have difficulty in describing the features of fingerprints.

E  And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing one`s personality.

F  Experts say that actors differ in their behavioral and physical characteristics in acting.

G  Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.