题干

阅读下面文字,完成下面小题。

    自汉唐始,中医海外传播的历史,曾毫无争议地彰显了中华文明强大的对外辐射能力。但明清以来,中医成了“一个被动的开放体系”。当中医的“被动”遭遇西医的强势,直接结果就是中医在海外的弱势。这种弱势日前还没有根本改观,但情况正在悄然改变。随着越来越多的人在健康理念上追求返璞归真,崇尚自然疗法,中医倡导的“上医治未病、中医治欲病、下医治已病”的观点,正在启发人们对中医中药的再认识。

    中医的对外传播,最早可以追溯到汉朝。当时中原政权与北方匈奴和西域有了许多交流和互动,中医作为中原文化的一部分开始对外传播。魏晋南北朝至隋唐直至两宋,中医对外传播逐渐达到鼎盛时期,中医在朝鲜半岛、日本和越南等周边国家得到较为系统的传播。明朝郑和下西洋,可谓中医对外辐射能力的历史绝响。但自那以后,中医对外传播开始呈现“被动”的特点。也是从那时起,中医海外传播足迹抵达欧洲,不过推动者不再是中原政权,而是欧洲来华的传教士。当时中医被介绍到欧洲,更多的是以“文化他者”的身份,传播者甚至带有猎奇的心态。与欧洲相比,美国是中医海外传播的后来者。虽然中医早在19世纪中后期就随着华人赴美淘金潮传入美国,但中医在美国主流社会“能见度”的提高,最大的推动力是1972年尼克松访华。美国媒体有关中医针刺麻醉在医学上神奇功效的报道,甚至成了美国向中国伸出和解的橄榄枝这一政治行为合理性的注脚,客观上成为了中医在美国乃至西方世界传播进入新阶段的前奏。

    虽然近年来中医在海外的传播以及地位的提升,都有了较为明显的改观。但现实状况远比数据呈现的要复杂、微妙得多。韩日是中医最早的输入国,也是对中医消化吸收最彻底的国家。日本在中医理论基础上,发展出本土的汉方医学。韩国自上世纪80年代起大力发掘中药古方,以西医标准阐释药剂的功效,提升“韩药”现代化水平。有数据显示,在天然药物领域,日韩以及欧洲占国际市场的90%,中药占比不足10%。也就是说,与中医同宗同源的汉方、韩医,正以中医竞争者的姿态出现在国际医疗领域。

    与隋唐、两宋时期中医作为整体对外传播不一样,如今中医作为医疗手段在海外的存在,扛起大梁的仅仅是针灸。在很多西方人眼里,针灸几乎是中医的代名词。以现代西医的科学标准来衡量,中医理论属于“前科学”体系,这也是中医相对于西医弱势的一个重要原因。在国际上,中医通行的表述是“传统中国医学”,这似乎无形中给中医贴上了与现代科学“对立”的标签。也正是在这个意义上,中国中医学家屠呦呦因发现青蒿素而获得诺贝尔奖,被视为主流医学对中医的认可也显得不那么有底气。因为她所使用的化学合成手段完全是现代科学,与中医理论毫无关系。某种程度上说,中医理论作为“文化他者”的身份并没有改变。

(选自《走向海外,孤独的“文化他者”》,有删改)

上一题 下一题 0.0难度 选择题 更新时间:2019-11-11 10:44:21

答案(点此获取答案解析)

同类题5

阅读理解

    Alexis, 17, sat quietly in the passenger seat of her dad's car. She let her eyes lazily scan the landscape for wildlife. Then a deer came into view about 200 yards in front of them. “Dad, there's a deer there!” Alexis said. It was a male deer with sharp antlers (角) on each side of its head.

    As the car moved closer, Alexis saw that the deer's head was bent toward the ground. Then she heard a scream and saw an arm fly up near the deer's head. Alexis realized the deer was attacking a woman. Sue, a 44-year-old mother, had been out for her morning run. The deer followed her and edged closer. “I knew I was in trouble.” Sue says. She went to pick up a stick for self-defense, and the deer charged. It lifted her with its antlers and threw her into the air. Sue could feel blood flew down her leg. Within seconds, the deer had pushed her off the road.

    When Alexis and her father pulled up, the deer was throwing Sue like a doll. Alexis looked into the woman's terrified eyes, and before her father had even stopped the car, the teenager jumped quickly out of the car and ran toward the deer. “I was kicking it to get its attention." she says. Then her father, who had followed his daughter, pushed the deer away from the women.

    Alexis helped Sue into the car and then applied a piece of cloth to Sue's injured leg. “We're going to get you to a hospital.” Alexis said. Then she heard her father shout loudly. He had been knocked to the ground. Alexis took hold of a hammer from the car and ran to where her father lay on his back. She beat the deer's head and neck, but the blows didn't scare it away. “I was losing faith.” she says. “A couple more strikes. Alexis.” said her father. “You can do it.”

    Turning the hammer around, Alexis closed her eyes and beat the deer's neck with all her strength. When she opened her eyes, the deer was running away.

    Alexis got in the driver's seat and sped toward the nearest hospital. After Sue was treated, she tearfully thanked her rescuers. “You expect a teenage girl to get on the phone and call for help,” she says, “not to beat up a deer.”