题干

某兴趣小组利用图甲装置探究电流热效应的影响因素,实验步骤如下:

①将阻值为10Ω和20Ω的电阻丝分别置于A、B两个盛满煤油的烧瓶中,按图甲所示连接电路

②闭合开关,将滑动变阻器的滑片移至某一位置,记录此时电流表的读数I,通电一段时间,记录A、B烧瓶的玻璃管内液面的变化高度分别为△h1、△h2

③断开开关,直至玻璃管中的液面降回各自初始位置。

④闭合开关,移动滑动变阻器的滑片,使电流表的读数为2I,当通电时间与步骤②相同时,记录A、B烧瓶的玻璃管内液面的变化高度分别为△h3、△h4,实验数据如表。

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                                                                                       学术人尤其需要自律意识

                                                                                                    罗志敏

    ①近年来,学术圈内屡见不鲜的学术不端事件引起社会广泛关注,也引发了人们对于学术不端治理机制的思考。其中,大家比较关注的是制度建设问题,这无疑是至关重要的。但除此之外,如何培养学术人的自律意识,也是一个不可忽视的重要方面。

    ②之所以要特别强调学术人的自律意识,是因为学术活动具有自身独特的性质。学术活动的主要目的在于探究规律、探寻真理,学术的生命力主要在于自由思考、自主创新,这就决定了学术人的学术活动具有很强的自主性和独立性,有着许多规章制度无法规范也不应规范的地方。如果用细密繁多的条条框框把学术人究竟应该如何进行学术研究完全规定好,学术就难以创新和发展。于是,就出现了一个令人困惑的问题:一方面要让学术人拥有足够的自主性以促进学术创新和发展,另一方面又要强调学术规范以防止学术不端行为。解决这个问题,关键在于学术人要有比其他行业从业人员更强的自律意识,使自己的学术活动始终符合学术伦理。当前,可以从以下三个方面着力:

    ③唤起学术人的羞耻意识。羞耻意识是个人将自我呈现在真善美面前、通过自我评价所形成的一种自律意识,是人之道德的最后防线和安身立命的基本法则。在中国,从孟子的“耻之于人大矣”到龚自珍的“以教之耻为先”;在西方,从古希腊德谟克利特的“对可耻行为的追悔是对生命的拯救”到马克思的“羞耻本身已经是一种革命”,中外文化都非常重视羞耻意识对人的行为的重要影响。学术人一旦有了羞耻意识,就会在其心灵深处形成最能激发学术良心的内在道德力量,从而把自己的行为限定在“可以”“应当”的范围之内。朱熹的“人有耻,则能有所不为”,说的就是这个道理。

    ④形成学术人的敬畏意识。敬畏意识是个人对其心目中的神圣事物或力量的崇敬与畏惧。它不同于一般的害怕、恐惧等心理活动,而是出于人的内在情感需要。敬畏意识能够警示和规范人的思想与行为。孔子认为君子有三畏:畏天命、畏大人、畏圣人之言;康德敬畏头上的灿烂星空和心中的道德律令。学术人的敬畏意识,应是基于对学术这一崇高事业产生景仰的基础上对亵渎学术的后果所产生的一种“畏惧”。它能警示和约束学术人的行为,促使其“自己为自己立法”。

    ⑤激发学术人的成就意识。成就意识是个人在羞耻意识、敬畏意识基础上的一种积极心理转向,是在自省过程中萌发出的一种主动、正向的道德力量。换言之,羞耻意识和敬畏意识都是一种“有所不为”的自律意识,而成就意识则是一种更积极的“有所为”的自律意识。对学术人来讲,成就意识就是一种学术人克服自身“恶”后的趋“善”意愿,表现为一种学术信念和学术意志,最终成为其在学术道路上不断上进、最终走向学术“至善”的内在动力。在中外学术发展史上,一些学者之所以能够在艰苦的条件下取得令世人仰慕的学术成果,一个重要原因就在于他们具有一种成就意识,能以此来激励自己努力攀登学术巅峰。

                                                   (选自《人民日报》2011年2月15日)

同类题5

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    It's important to develop the healthy habits in your daily life. The following will help you become healthier and keep perfect shape.

    Eat properly. A healthy diet is very important for everybody. Breakfast is the most important meal in a day. Doctors suggest that students' breakfast should include fruit, eggs, milk, rice or noodles, because these can offer them necessary energy, help them listen carefully in class and keep them healthy. Eat enough for lunch and little for supper. But remember that too much sugar is bad for your teeth and blood. You shouldn't have too many sweet snacks and desserts in your diet, even though such food tastes delicious.

    Keep off germs(病菌). Daily tooth cleaning reduces the amount of germs which will spread diseases. Germs in the mouth arc likely to enter the blood and cause illness, even heart disease. Even if you're not sick, always remember to cough or into your arms instead of your hands because hands can spread germs to others when you touch something else. Besides, washing hands is necessary after going to the toilet or before having a meal. And you'd better rub both hands while washing them.

    Exercise regularly. Regular exercise can improve your moods and balance. What's more, it's good for bones. There are many forms of exercise: walking or running for about 30 minutes a day playing ball games twice or three times a week, swimming or dancing often. You can choose your favorite to practise regularly. You will not only feel energetic but also think better after doing exercise.

    Stay connected. Having regular communication with friends is the key to reducing stress. And sharing happiness and sadness, exchanging information with others can also help improve memory. Having a friend or a circle of friends can help you feel good.

The____to keep fit

Eating properly

You should have proper breakfast because it can____you with necessary energy.

You should have enough for lunch and little for____.

Sweet snacks and desserts arc tasty____.you shouldn't eat too much.

Keeping off germs

It's necessary for you to____your teeth every day, cough or sneeze into your arms' and wash your hands often to stop germs from____.

____regularly

You will feel____and think better after doing exercise, so you can choose your favourite sports to do.

Staying connected

It can help you feel____stressed when you communicate with your friends and it is also useful in____memory.