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唐宋大诗人诗中的物候

竺可桢  宛敏渭

    唐宋许多大诗人,善于       鸟语花香的暗示,把大自然的变化写进诗篇。其中许多诗句,经过千百年的        ,仍然具有旺盛的生命力,至今还脍炙人口。明末的学者黄宗羲说:“月、露、风、云、花、鸟之在天地间,俄顷灭没,而诗人能结之不散。常人未尝不有月、露、风、云、花、鸟之咏,非其性情,极雕绘而不能亲也。”这就是说,只有对大自然        很深的人,才能领悟它的语言,和它亲密对话。

    唐白居易十五岁时,曾经写过一首《赋得古原草送别》:“离离原上草,一岁一枯荣。野火烧不尽,春风吹又生……”从物候学角度来说,这首在当年就很轰动的诗,表现了两个重要规律:第一,草木的茂盛和凋谢,有一年一度的循环的规律;第二,这循环是随气候转化的,春风一到,头年枯黄的草木就苏醒了。

    春天来,临的信息是什么呢?从许多唐、宋人的诗中可以找到答案。李白诗日:“东风已绿瀛州草,紫殿红楼觉春好。”王安石晚年住在江宁,有句诗云:“春风又绿江南岸,明月何时照我还?”宋洪迈《荣斋随笔》中指出:这首诗原作“春风又到江南岸”,几经推敲,改了几次才定了“绿”字。李白、王安石他们在诗中用“绿”字来象征春天的到来,这是符合物候学的规律的。王安石这句诗还能说明物候是有区域性的。若把它改成“春风又绿河南岸”,就很不恰当了。因为在大河以南开封、洛阳一带,春风挟带黄沙比吹绿草叶更有代表性,所以,李白《扶风豪士歌》中,有“洛阳三月飞胡沙”之句。虽此句中“胡沙”是暗指安史之乱,但河南春天风沙很大也是事实。

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Ways to protect cell phones from damage

    While people use cell phones frequently, very few take the necessary measures to prevent damage. ____ Here are some simple ways for you to protect your cell phone from damage.

Keep cell phones out of the rain

    If you must talk on the phone while it's raining, try to move indoors.  ____ Otherwise, you may have trouble with the numbers or the cell phone speaker. Imagine dialing (拨打) one number and getting different results.

____

    Many people like to put their cell phones in the pants or jeans pocket. However, storing a cell phone there will put it at risk of damage. You may forget that it is still in your pocket and just sit on the cell phone. As a result, your cell phone screen will get damaged.

Do not handle cell phones while eating

    ____ This is especially true for those times when you are eating messy things and get the ingredients on your hands. One accident can cause lots of damage for your cell phone.

Get a protective cell phone case

    There are many kinds of cases available on the market. ____ It will provide a protective cushion (垫子) that may save you from paying money to fix or buy a new phone.

A. Do not put cell phones in your pocket

B. Do not throw cell phones onto hard surfaces

C. Many people often talk on the phone in the rain.

D. You can also cover the phone up with your hand.

E. Just choose one that fits the size of your cell phone.

F. One mistake may end up costing you more money.

G. Food and drinks should not be near your cell phones.