题干

阅读下面文章,完成各小题。

桌与案

马未都

    ①一般来讲,腿的位置决定了它的名称,与高矮、大小、功能都无关。腿的位置缩进来一块的为案,腿的位置顶住四角的为桌。

    ②桌与案更重要的区别,是精神层面的区别。这个区别在哪儿呢?在于案的等级比桌高。比如我们常说拍案惊奇、拍案而起、拍案叫绝,都是比较高等级的情绪;而拍桌子瞪眼、拍桌子砸板凳,都是低等级的情绪。再比如,我过去当编辑的时候,经常挑灯夜战、“伏案疾书”,如果“趴在桌子上”,恐怕不是睡着了,就是在写检查。

    ③中国人把承具分得清清楚楚,这正是我们文化的独特之处。我们平时不注意,跟“案”相关衍生出来的词语非常丰富,比如文案、方案、草案、议案。因为我们过去办公,大都使用案,通常情况下与桌无关

    ④同样是案,也有很多形制。有一种叫作翘头案,它属于供案的形式,腿部非常夸张,过去都是在寺院或祠堂里使用,它表示对神灵、对祖宗的一种敬畏。衙门里也用供案,这里的供案翘头非常高,非常夸张。它具有威严感,从心理上暗示你,警告你。如今法院审理刑事案件时,法官坐的椅子靠背都非常高,就是起到一种威慑作用。如果法官搬一个小板凳坐那儿,估计犯人心里就该想怎么逃脱法律的制裁了。用家具作为文化符号传递给你,这是案子重要的本意。那么,衍生出来的词语就有“案件”,原指案子上的文件;后来把在案前审理事情,简称为“审案子”,没有人说“审桌子”

    ⑤文人设计出一种适合自己用的书案,它非常温和,也有翘头,但把夸张的感觉去掉了,翘头很小。这个小翘头干吗用呢?我们知道,中国有一种特殊的书画形式叫手卷,卷起来是一个轴,比如《江山万里图》《清明上河图》,看的时候要横向打开。过去看手卷有讲究,你不能趴在地上看,也不能搁在方桌上看,就得在这种翘头案上看。我曾遇到一个附庸风雅的人,得到一幅手卷,急忙在桌子上打开,手卷的轴一下滚到桌边,一把没抓住,轴咣当就掉下去,画被撕破了。如果他在案头上看,轴滚到案的两头,就停住了,不会掉下去。

    ⑥由于案的陈设功能越来越大,它的实用功能就相对降低;相反,桌子的实用功能越来越大,陈设功能越来越小。所以,桌与案从功能上有了区分,这是在使用中发生的区分,并不是一开始就这么设计的。

    ⑦桌子在越来越突出实用功能的时候,就跟案发生了分野。桌,最早写成卓越的“卓”,它是高出来的意思。比如卓然而立、卓尔不群,就是超出别人,高高地立在那儿。后来才把“卓”字底下的“十”字变成了“木”字,写成现在的“桌”字。

(选自《读者》,有删改)

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    Teachers in some secondary schools in Britain are worried that their job may become impossible shortly unless something can be done to restore discipline in the classrooms. In the problem schools, mostly in large cities, a small minority of teenage pupils disturb lesson to such an extent that the teacher can no longer teach their classes effectively.

    Some people consider that the permissive (随意) nature of modern society is responsible for such kind of behavior. Small children who are continuously encouraged to express themselves without reservation are naturally unwilling to accept school discipline when they grow older. Furthermore, modern teaching techniques) which appear to stress personal enjoyment at the expense of serious study work, might be teaching the child to put his own interests before his duties to the community in which he lives.

    Perhaps the problem can be solved by improving facilities for the moral guidance of these difficult children or by better cooperation between the schools and the parents—for the parents may be mainly responsible for the bad behavior of their youngsters. Violence at home, violence and crime on TV make some children turn violence themselves.

    But some of the teachers believe that there ought to be a return to more “old fashioned” methods. At present, in some school teachers are even not allowed to punish a child who does something bad and wrong. Physical punishment is not permitted now. People are too soft on children these days. It seems that children can do whatever they like at school while the teachers can't do anything to punish them. I don't know why the schools authority abandoned some of the effective punishments that worked well. Things like that didn't happen when we were at school because the teachers kept those problem students under control by using a stick.