题干

下列是某初级中学八年级历史兴趣小组的同学搜集到的有关中国近代历史的一些文字资料和历史图片,他们根据这些材料进行了生生互动,合作学习,请你积极参与他们的活动,解答下面的一些问题。

材料一  中国文武制度,事事远出西人之上,独火器万不能及……中国欲自强,则莫如学习外国利器……

——李鸿章

材料二

 

材料三  我们现在认定只有这两位先生,可以救活中国政治上道德上学术上思想上一切的黑暗。若因为拥护这两位先生,一切政府的压迫,社会的攻击笑骂,就是断头流血,都不推辞。

——陈独秀《本志罪案之答辩书》

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    Whether rich or poor, parents who have books in the home increase the level of education their children will attain, according to a 20-year study led by Mariah Evans.

    For years, educators have thought the strongest predictor of attaining high levels of education was having parents who were highly educated. But, the study showed that the difference between being raised in a bookless home compared to being raised in a home with a 500-book library has as great an effect on the level of education a child will attain as the difference between having parents who are barely literate (有文化的) and having parents who have a university education.

    Being a sociologist, Evans was particularly interested to find that children of lesser-educated parents benefit the most from having books in the home. What kinds of investments should we make to help these kids get ahead? The results of this study indicate that getting some books into their homes is an inexpensive way that we can help these children succeed. Evans said, "Even a little bit goes a long way. Having as few as 20 books in the home still has a significant impact on motivating a child to a higher level of education, and the more books you add, the greater benefit the children get.”

    The researchers were struck by the strong effect having books in the home had on children's educational attainment even above and beyond such factors as education level of the parents, the father's occupation or the economic level of the country.

    Having books in the home is twice as important as the father's education level, and more important than whether a child was brought up in a developing country or a developed country. Surprisingly, the difference in educational attainment for children born in developed country and children born in developing country was just 2 years, less than two-thirds of the effect that having 500 or more books in the home had on children.