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阅读《宣纸:“纸寿千年”》一文,完成后面的题。
①对宣纸的记载最早见于《历代名画记》、《新唐书》、《旧唐书》等。起于唐代,历代相沿。宣纸的原产地是安徽省的泾县。因属宣州府管辖,所以这里生产的纸被称为“宣纸”,也有人称泾县纸。由于宣纸有易于保存、经久不脆、不会褪色等特点,故有“纸寿千年”之誉。
②南唐后主李煜特别喜爱宣纸,不惜重金选调国内造纸高手,集中京都开设纸坊,并把自己的书房“澄心堂殿”腾出来造纸。他每天都到澄心堂观看造纸的操作过程,有时干脆脱掉黄袍,系上纸匠穿的围裙,同工人一起捞纸、焙纸,每制成一批宣纸,他都亲自试写,反复琢磨,直到满意为止。经过几年时间,终于造出“肤如卵膜,坚洁如玉,细薄光润,冠于一时”的好纸,李后主就命名它为“澄心堂纸”。这是宣纸中的珍品,一律由皇宫保管,李煜自己享用。
③明代宣宗朱瞻基最爱用宣纸作画,他敕造的宣纸,至薄能坚,至厚能腻,裁剪成笺,每纸必加盖“宣德五年先素馨纸印”,以示钦用。连帝王都如此爱宣纸,那么文人雅士一旦拥有宣纸便更是如获至宝了。难怪宋代著名文学家欧阳修、苏轼等人得到澄心堂纸“如得天球拱璧”,欣喜若狂,颂赞备至,留下“江南李氏有国日,百金不许市一枚”和“精皮玉版白如云,纸寿千年举世珍,朝夕临池成好友,晕漫点染总迷人”的佳句。
④据《旧唐书》载:唐天宝二年陕西太守韦坚组织向朝廷进贡时,各郡贡品中就有“宣城郡船载……纸、笔、黄连等物”的记载。《新唐书地理志》和《唐六典》上记载着“宣州贡纸、笔”等文字,这些文字不仅说到了宣纸,也足可说明宣纸的产地。唐代一位名叫张彦远的人在乾符年间所著的《历代名画记》中的《论画体工用榻写》一章节中的“好事者宜置宣纸百幅,用法腊之,以备摹写……”。这位当时身居宰相高位,又潜心学问的老人在文中极为公正、不加任何雕饰地说到宣纸了,并且还记录专为宣纸加工的艺人。无论如何,这也是直接对宣纸定名的最早的文章了。后来出现有关宣纸的故事,笔者载三则。
⑤《红楼梦》第四十一回里写到宣纸,宝玉、黛玉、宝钗、惜春等在议论画大观园时,宝玉说:“家里雪浪纸,又大,又托墨。”宝钗补充道:“那雪浪纸,写字、画写意画儿,或是会山水的画南宗山水,托墨,禁得皴染……”那“雪浪纸”,即宣纸。
⑥上世纪三十年代,鲁迅先生曾写信给西谛先生(郑振铎),说:“……用纸,我认为不如用宣纸……而较耐久,性亦柔软,适于订成较厚之书。”鲁迅先生还曾赠宣纸给一位苏联木刻家,后来他收到一批回赠的苏联版画。另一位使用宣纸的苏联木刻家对宣纸的评价是:“印版画,中国宣纸第一,世界无比。它湿润、柔和、敦厚、吃墨,光而不滑,实而不死。手拓木刻,它是最理想的纸。”
⑦那“纸寿千年”的高明概括,是1980年我国国画大师刘海粟先生题写的。后来又一位国画大师吴作人先生,又在1985年题下“纸墨千秋”四个字。这“千年”与“千秋”,是对宣纸的生命极其深刻的心领神会,同时,也凝结着多少朝代、多少文人对宣纸,亦是对中国文化的生命感情啊。

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    Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity?Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives?A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.

    The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing,more active and less neurotic (神经质的) than other people.Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span.These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times.

    Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer.Those who were more self-disciplined,for instance,were no more likely to live to be very old.Also,being open to new ideas had no relationship to long life,which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways.

    Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate.But the new paper suggests that if you want long life,you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.

    Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother's personality may also help determine your longevity.That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets.Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we're adults,which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.

    Personality isn't destiny(命运),and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change.But both studies show that long life isn't just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health.