除四大发明外，从中国传到欧洲的东西还有很多，如船尾舵、马镫等器物，菊花、柠檬、柑橘等水果和植物。柑橘至今在荷兰和德国还被称为“中国苹果”。这些东西传到欧洲主要通过（    ）

材料一：主管经济工作的政务院副总理陈云周密策划，统一部署，调运和集中全国范围内的粮食、棉纱、棉布等重要物资，于1949年11月25日在全国各大城市集中抛售。连续抛售10天后，粮、棉等商品价格猛降30％到40％，各地市场趋向稳定。

——朱永红《五十年国事纪要》

材料二：1956年，在中共八大发言中，陈云提出了“三个主体，三个补充”的总体构想：主张在工商业经营方面，国家经营和集体经营是工商业的主体，一定数量的个体经营是补充；在生产计划方面，计划生产是工农业生产的主体，按照市场变化而在国家计划许可范围内进行的自由生产是补充；在流通领域，国家市场是社会主义的统一市场的主体，一定范围内国家领导的自由市场是补充。陈云把这种构想称之为“大计划小自由”。

——萧冬连《求索中国：文革前十年史》

    The purpose of keeping fit is to avoid illness ,resist the mental and physical fatigue（疲劳）that make us more likely to contract infections ,and above all to feel more pleasure in being alive. Research has shown the value of a balanced diet ,fresh air, sunshine ,enough rest and some forms of regular exercise for everyone .If everyone followed this plan ,the number of people visiting the doctor and going to hospital would be considerably reduced.

    Unfortunately, although most people acknowledge the importance of physical fitness, not enough of us put this into practice .We spend too much time watching others from the comfort of an armchair or a seat in the stand at a sports stadium.

    One reason why people who are physically fit to live longer is that they do not put the heart under excessive strain（过度劳累）and so they reduce the risk of heart and blood vessel（血管）diseases .They also avoid suffering the consequences of weakened muscles ,which are the cause of a great deal of back and abdominal（腹部的）trouble.

    About 640 muscles for about 45% of our body's weight, they must have the ability to store energy and be continually supplied with fuel by the blood .Sensible exercise, suited to each individual and preferably undertaken on the advice of a doctor, is the best insurance of meeting these requirements.