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    除却先秦不论,中国古代社会有三大转折。这转折的起点分别为魏晋、中唐、明中叶。社会转折的变化,也鲜明地表现在整个意识形态上,包括文艺领域和美的理想。

    就敦煌壁画来说,由中唐开始的这一转折也是很明白的。盛唐壁画中那些身躯高大的菩萨行列在中唐消失,更多是渲染“经变”;人物成为次要,着意描绘的是热闹繁复的场景,它们几乎占据了整个墙壁。到晚唐五代,这一点更为突出;“经变”种类增多,神像(人物)却愈发变少。色彩俗艳,由华贵而趋富丽,装饰风味日益浓厚。初盛唐圆润中带遒劲的线条、旋律,到这时变得千千秀柔,有时甚至有点草率了。

    菩萨(神)小了,供养人的形象却愈来愈大,有的身材和盛唐的菩萨差不多,个别的甚至超过。它们一如当时的上层贵族,盛装华服,并各按现实的尊卑长幼,顺序排列。如果说,以前还是人间的神化,那么现在凸出来的已是现实的人间——不过只是人间的上层罢了。很明白,人的现实生活这时显然比那些千篇一律、尽管华贵毕竟单调的“净土变”、“说法图”和幻想的西方极乐世界,对人们更富有吸引力,更感到有兴味。壁画开始真正走向现实:欢歌在今日,人世即天堂。在敦煌,世俗场景大规模地侵入了佛国圣地,它实际标志着宗教艺术将彻底让位于世俗的现实艺术。

    正是对现实生活的审美兴味的加浓,使壁画中的所谓“生活小景”在这一时期也愈发增多,它的重要历史意义在于:人世的生活战胜了天国的信仰,艺术的形象超过了宗教的教义。

    禅宗在中唐以来盛行不已,压倒所有其他佛教宗派,则是这种情况的理论上的表现。哲学与艺术恰好并行。本来,从魏晋玄学的有无之辨到南朝佛学的形神之争,佛教以其细致思辨来俘虏门阀贵族这个当时中国文化的代表阶级,使他们愈钻愈深,乐而忘返。哲理的思辨竟在宗教的信仰中找到了丰富的课题,魏晋以来人生悲歌逐渐减少,代之以陶醉在这思辨与信仰相结合的独特意味之中。也因为这样,在信仰中仍然保持了一定的理性思辨,中国永远没有产生像印度教的梵天、湿婆之类极端神秘恐怖的观念和信仰。印度传来的反理性的迷狂故事,在现实生活稍有改变后就退出历史和艺术舞台。更进一步,在理论上终于出现了要求信仰与生活完全统一起来的禅宗。这样,结论自然就是,并不需要一种什么特殊对象的宗教信仰和特殊形体的偶像崇拜。正如宗教艺术将为世俗艺术所替代,宗教哲学包括禅宗也将为世俗哲学的宋儒所替代。宗教迷狂在中国逐渐走向衰落。“南朝四百八十寺,多少楼台烟雨中。”这一切,当然又是以中国社会由中古进入近古的经济基础和社会关系的重要变动为现实基础的。

    可见,把历时数百年之久的中国佛教艺术当作一个混沌的整体对待是不行的,重要的是历史的分析和具体的探索。从天上人间的强烈对照到它们之间的接近和谐,到完全合为一体;由接受和发展宗教艺术到它的逐渐消亡,这是一个漫长而曲折复杂的过程,但艺术思潮和美的理想这种发展变化却完全是合乎规律性的。

(选自李泽厚《美的历程》,有删改)

【注】①经变:据佛经故事所做的绘画、雕刻等。

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同类题5

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有两项为多余选项。

How can I fight laziness?

    Lazy people will never amount to anything in life. However, laziness can be defeated once a few changes have been made in your mind.

    ____. Many people lack sleep constantly, since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work. These people have little motivation once they arrive home. Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things. By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest, you can fight laziness throughout the day.

    Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active. Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task. Others take a more protective approach, viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone. ____

    Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations(诱惑) that surround them. A television in the living room may provide entertainment, but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness. Create a reward system for yourself, just as parents do for a child to promote responsibility. ____

    ____Spouses(配偶) and children may all have different energy levels, but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately. To fight household laziness, lead by example. Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task. It is difficult to practice laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people.

    ____ enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle, thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits.

A. Knowing how to fight laziness is important.

B. Laziness sets in when you no longer feel in charge of your own life.

C. Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy, such as a good dinner or a film.

D. Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home.

E. Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness.

F. With strong determination, you will be able to achieve your goal.

G. One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep.