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蔡元培:引领时代风气的大先生

    1916年,蔡元培是应教育总长范源濂的电报回国的。这位他当年的旧部言辞恳切:“国事渐平,教育宜急。现以首都最高学府尤赖大贤主宰……”当时的北大还是老样子,是个“臭虫窝”、“大染缸’’。对于北大这种状态,几任校长都无能为力。或许是“国事渐平,教育宜急”打动了蔡元培,这与他这么多年来教育救国的奋斗历程不谋而合。

    1917年1月4日,蔡元培踏入北大。从此,北大这一潭死水掀起大波澜。蔡元培开始了他一生最为辉煌和伟大的教育改革。先生在此,北大重生。他广延积学与热心的教员,激起学生学习的兴趣。在学术为天责的前提下,他倡导思想自由,兼容并包。随后,陈独秀来了,胡适来了,梁漱溟来了……一时间,北京大学集合了当时最优秀的学术头脑。

    蔡元培留学德国,发现德国的大学管理十分民主,而且,他发现学校不会因为校长的去留而出现教学秩序、教学质量大的波动,因为学校是由教授来管理的,校长和各学科长由教授会公选出来。

    早在1912年,蔡元培起草颁布的《大学令》中就提出教授治校的相关内容,如第十六条提出:“大学设评议会,以各科学长及各科教授互选若干人为会员,大学校长可随时召集评议会,自为议长。

    蔡元培来到北大当校长时,北大仍没有评议会,因为当时的教育部始终不允许成立。这次蔡元培据理力争,得到当局的同意。在北大的第一年,蔡元培就制定了《北京大学评议会规则》,组建了大学评议会,作为学校最高立法机关和权力机关,以让更多的教授议决立法方面的事。随后,北大评议会决定在北大各学科(系)设立教授会,规划各学科的工作。

    蔡元培成功地革新了北大,他的办学理念深得高等教育界的认同和效仿。蔡元培之后的北大校长蒋梦麟,在任期间始终奉行蔡先生的办学理念和主张。清华大学校长梅贻琦在抗战后期筹划复校时重温蔡元培的经验,刻意模仿。

    直至今日,蔡元培改革北大的往事仍被反复提起,后人渴望予以复制甚至超越,但人们往往失望地发现,有很多无法复制的东西,比如先生的人格魅力。

    他是一位谦谦君子,但仍时有金刚怒目的一面。1922年10月,北大发生了“讲义风潮”,蔡元培的校长室外聚集了几百名学生,起哄呐喊,要求废除收取讲义费的决定,蔡元培对学生破坏纪律十分生气,他向学生吼道,“我跟你们决斗”,直到逼得学生慢慢散去。

    更多时候,先生是个“老好人”,冯友兰、罗家伦在回忆文章中多次提到聆听先生的教诲时如沭春风的感觉。蔡元培经常写介绍信,哪怕只有一面之缘,只要有一技之长无不相助,其提携后辈之心让人为之动容。

    在混乱的民国时代,争名逐利、爱财弄权是时代的底色。蔡元培是开国功臣,是教育总长,是北大校长,是中央研究院院长,足可谓位高权重,但大先生蔡元培竟没有自己的房子。

    从绍兴山阴县笔飞弄走出来,求学、入仕、从教、革命、游学,到回到教育,蔡元培怀着救治病中之家国的热切,努力培养大写的人,为时代营造风气。 (摘编自《中国教育报》)

相关链接①蔡元培改革北大的影响不仅局限于教育领域。孙中山先生也从北大改革中受到巨大启发,认识到思想学术带动社会政治变革的内在规律,于是他后来大力改组国民党,采取切实举措,为国民党注入了新的活力.可见,北大在思想文化方面的改革影响到中国社会层面的变化。(摘自《我们怎样才能更靠近蔡元培》)②在北大改革中,祖父遵循“思想自由,兼容并包”的方针。他主张,“无论何种学派,苟其言之成理,持之有故,尚不迭自然淘汰之运命,即使彼此相反,也听任他们自由发展”。为了扭转北大的学术风气,祖父凭借其渊博的学识,融合中西文化的眼界,以兼容并包的用人方针,使北大聚拢了一批学有专长的教授。(摘自蔡磊珂《我是祖父的追随者》)

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    Changes that will help you get more done than ever before

    Win tomorrow today. All it takes is setting aside five minutes every evening before you end your work to establish the one goal you will accomplish tomorrow. Sometimes, the hardest part of getting things done is deciding which thing to work on first. If this decision making has to happen first thing in the morning, it can create a block to progress, which is no way to start your day. By giving yourself a head start the night before, you're allowing your most productive work hours-in the morning—to be used to the fullest by not having to wonder about on choose what you'll work on first.

    Having a morning routine is one of the best things you've done for yourself. It not only helps you set your day up to be successful by gaining great power first in the morning, but it also allows you to guarantee that you are going to get a set number of things done right away. This way, no matter what your day brings, you should keep in mind that your health and nutrition are the most important. Your morning routine includes a workout, drinking water, meditation(冥想), and ensuring you get the nutrients you need to perform at a high level all day.

    One of the common mistakes people make is to focus entirely on whatever task is next on their list and promise not to move or pause until it's done. Tasks will expand to the time assigned. Instead, try to be inspired from successful people and setting up timed periods for both focused work and breaks. Establishing sections where you have a set amount of focus time followed by a set amount of refresh time prevents you from being distracted(注意力不集中的)and helps you make great progress on the tasks and projects you're working on.

    Being extremely future-focused and ambitious is great, but if you're always moving from one task to another, you could be missing out on a big growth opportunity. In order to learn what's working and what's not working, you need to spend time reflecting. Set aside some time at least every 10 days to reflect on the good, the bad, and everything in between. When you can identify what's working, you'll know what to double down on. You'll also be able to identify the things that are holding you back from getting where you want to go, and to think out solutions for those struggles in order to remove them in the future.

    If you really want to get more done, you have to stop focusing on what you can't do, and start focusing on everything that's going right. Being grateful will not only increase your happiness factor, it will also make you more productive. When you have a positive attitude and take time out to recognize everything you have to be grateful for, you're able to focus on the many things you have accomplished, you're more likely to make progress and get more done.

“ Changes that will help you get more done than ever before

Plan in

____

Set aside five minutes every evening to establish the one goal you will accomplish tomorrow. It will block your progress if you decide what to do first and what to do next the next morning.

It can make your time be____ used by giving yourself a head start the night before.

Adjust your morning

routine

It helps you set your day up for ____ by gaining great power first in the morning.

It also allows you to guarantee that you are going to get a set number of things done right away.

No matter how you arrange your day, the most important thing is your health and ____

____work into

sections

•Take ____ from successful people and set up timed periods for both focused work and breaks.

•Establishing sections helps you____ distractions and make great progress on the tasks and projects you're working on.

Make time for 10-day recaps (重述要点)

•You need to allow ____ time to learn what's working and what's not working.

•Set aside some time at least every 10 days to reflect on things whether they are good or bad.

Be thankful

____ what you can't do and focus on what you can do.

•Being grateful will make you feel ____ and increase your productivity.