题干

阅读下列材料:

材料一:马可·波罗的中国之行及其游记,在中世纪时期的欧洲被认为是神话,被当作“天方夜谭”。但《马可·波罗游记》却大大丰富了欧洲人的地理知识,打破了宗教的谬论和传统的“天圆地方”说;同时《马可·波罗游记》对15世纪欧洲的航海事业起到了巨大的推动作用。意大利的哥伦布、葡萄牙的达·伽马、英国的卡勃特、安东尼·詹金森和约翰逊、马丁·罗比歇等众多的航海家、旅行家、探险家读了《马可·波罗游记》以后,纷纷东来,寻访中国,打破了中世纪西方神权统治的禁锢,大大促进了中西交通和文化交流。因此,可以说,马可·波罗和他的《马可·波罗游记》给欧洲开辟了一个新时代。 ——百度百科

材料二:

材料三:经常的交往一般都是通过和平的途径。生产技术、各地特有的物产、艺术品以及文字、科学知识、思维、宗教信念等,都在日益扩大的范围内通过商人、使节、游历者而直接、间接的交流。暴力交往不可能成为经常采取的方式,它是间歇性的,具有破坏性的,但一次猛烈的冲击过后,随之而来的,往往是对封闭状态的重大突破。

——《世界史·古代史编》

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    The bed should be reserved as a place for sleep, but people tend to read an iPad a lot in bed before they go to sleep.

    Charles Czeisler, a professor at Harvard Medical School, and his colleagues got a small group of people for an experiment. For five days in a row, the people read either a paper book or an iPad for four hours before sleep. Their sleep patterns were monitored all night. Before and after each trial period, the people took hourly blood tests to paint a day-long picture of just how much melatonin (褪黑激素) was in their blood at any given time.

    When subjects read on the iPad as compared to the paper books, they reported feeling less sleepy at night and less active the following morning. People also took longer to fall asleep on the iPad nights, and the blood tests showed that their melatonin secretion (分泌) was delayed by an hour and a half.

    The researchers conclude in today's journal article that given the rise of e-readers and the increasingly widespread use of e-things among children and adolescents, more research into the long-term consequences of these devices on health and safety is urgently needed. Czeisler and colleagues go on, in the research paper, to note:“Reading an iPad in bed may increase cancer risk.”

    However, software has been developed that can reduce some of the blue light from the screens of phones and computers according to time of day, and there are also glasses that are made to filter (过滤) short wavelengths. While they seem like a logical solution for the nighttime tech users, it needs more research.