题干

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一:在中世纪人类意识的两个方面--内心的自省和外界的观察一样都一直处 于一层共同的纱幕之下,处于睡眠和半醒状态。这层沙幕是由信仰、幻想和偏见织成的。透过这层沙幕向外看,世界和历史都罩上了一层奇怪的色彩„„在意大利这层沙幕首先烟消云 散。

——布克蛤特《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》

材料二:加尔文的信条正适合于当时的资产阶级果敢大胆分子的要求„„加尔文的教会体制是完全民主的、共和的,既然上帝的王国已经共和化了,人间的王国难道仍然还能听命于君主、主教和领主吗?„„加尔文却在荷兰建立了共和国。

——恩格斯

材料三:世俗的权力是受上帝的委托来惩罚奸邪,保护善良的。因此,我们应当让世俗政权在整个基督教世界中执行它的职务,不要加以任何阻碍。无论什么人,不管他是教皇,主教,传教士,或是修士,修女,世俗权力都有权来管他。

——《致德意志贵族书》

材料四:政治上的自由是公共自由,要保障公共自由,就应该避免把权力单独委托给一 个人,几个人或多数人,因为一切有权力的人都容易滥用权,这是万古不易的一条经验。为此,提出一条原则,要防止滥用权力,就必须用权力来约束权力,形成一种能联合各种权力 的政制,其中各种权力既调节配合,有相互制约,即权力要分开掌握和使用。”

——摘自孟德斯鸠〈罗马盛衰原因论〉

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      If you have no special plans for your holidays, why not spend your time helping others?

      Don't listen to people who say the young people today often think only of themselves. It's not true at all. More and more people in the USA volunteer to spend their school holidays working for others. And they don't do it for money. Here are some of their stories.

Alice Hamilton, 17

    I'm going to help the Forest Centre build new hiking paths in the mountains. It's going to be terrific — I'll spend the whole summer living in the tent and breathing(呼吸) the clean mountain air. I'm going to sleep under the stars. It'll be a nice sport, and I'll be able to do something good at the same time.

Jason Moore, 18

    This summer, I'm going to volunteer with Special House Program. They build good, low-cost houses and sell them to families that are not very rich. They'll teach me what to do, so I'll help people and also have a chance to learn how to build houses.

Trish Anderson, 16

      I'm going to teach kids who have trouble reading. I'll work for a program called Reading For Life. Every day, I'm going to help kids choose and read books that they like. I want to be a teacher and I love children and reading, so this is going to be a great experience(经历) for me.