材料一：英吉利民族既尊重传统又善于变革，当他们发现只有推行变革才能更好地尊重传统时，他们就放弃旧的阵地，接受变革，去尊重新的传统；他们在推行变革时，又以维护和尊重传统为已任……以传统在外壳上的完整延续和内涵上的不断更新，英国形成了以温和的改革与合理的妥协为特征的政治文化特色，即“在冲突中达到融合”的渐进模式

——姜守明《高中英国史教学与史学范式》

材料二：所谓阳光，是指北美革命的性格，温和而耐久；而闪电则指法国革命之特色，爆发于黑暗，电闪雷鸣，暴雨如注，照亮并荡涤旧世界的角角落落，但也迅速回归黑暗……1787年美国建立的宪政制度，从历史说，与其说是与以往冲突一刀两断，不如说是诸多传统因素的综合。总统为民选，为民主制之大胜，然而总统执行权之集中，则可使人想起历史上的酋王与君主；国会一分为二，参议院如贵族制，众议院则回归民主制；最高法院大法官干脆与民主制绝缘，由总统钦定，且终身任职，有如罗马元老制之子遗。这是个民主、贵族、元老、君主四合一的制度，不今不古，只能称“复合共和制”。而在法国，“共和”则仅仅理解为君主制的对立面，以一根腿的“民主”踢翻四个脚的“共和”。议行合一，“金鸡独立”。单一民主爆发为千钧霹雳之“闪电”，复合共和只能集東为冬日之一缕“阳光”。

——夏玉成《阳光与闪电：社会变革过程中传统价值的再思考》

    “Croeso I Gymru!,” If you don't know what this means, read on to find out more.

    When you cross over the border from England into Wales, you don't have to show your passport but you do notice a difference immediately. All the road markings and signs are shown in two languages — English and Welsh (威尔士语）. Not all visitors to Britain know that other languages are spoken here. There's the Gaelic (盖尔语) language in Scotland and a few people speak Cornish (康沃尔语）in the southwest of England, but the most widely spoken language in the UK besides English is Welsh.

    Perhaps the first Welsh word you^'ll see on the road into Wales is ARAF. There's a helpful English translation next to it — SLOW. As you can see, Welsh looks quite different from English. It sounds very different, too. Welsh looks and sounds so different from English because it's a Celtic language. Celtic cultures still exist around the edges of the UK — in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland and also in parts of France. For hundreds of years, almost everyone in Wales spoke Welsh, but nowadays there are about 600 thousand Welsh speakers — around 20% of the population.

    So is Welsh dying out? Not at all! Nowadays, all school children in Wales study Welsh and many choose to go to an all Welsh-speaking school. You can get public information in Welsh, speak Welsh in court or take a course at university in Welsh. People surf the Internet in Welsh, keep up with friends on Facebook and write blogs in Welsh.

    By the way, ^“Croeso I Gymru!" means “Welcome to Wales!” 一 I hope you'll be able to visit it one day.

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