—Hey, turn it off, please! We don't        music in the reading room. ——Oh, I'm sorry, sir. I won't do it again.

阅读下面的文字，完成小题

朱自清先生

冯至

    远在二十五年前，我读到过一部诗集《雪朝》，是六个人的合集，其中有一位是朱自清。封面是黄色的，里面的诗有一个共同趋势：散文化、朴实，好像有很重的人道主义的色彩。那本诗集现在已经很不容易得到了，并且里边的诗我一首也不记得，但根据我模糊的印象，我可以说，假如《雪朝》里的诗能够在当时成为一种风气，发展下去，中国新诗也许会省却许多迂途。只可惜中国的新诗并没有那样发展下去，中间走了许多不必要的歧路，而《雪朝》中的六个作者也在中途有的抛掉了诗，有的改变了作风。其中真能把那种朴质的精神保持下来，不但应用在诗上，而且应用在散文以及做人的态度上的，据我所知，怕只有朱自清先生吧。

    我最初遇见朱先生是在一九三二年的夏天，那时我住在柏林西郊，他在清华任教休假到伦敦住了一年，归途路过柏林。我请他到我住的地方谈过一次，过了几天又陪他到波茨坦的无忧宫去游玩过。他很少说话，只注意听旁人谈讲；他游无忧宫时，因为语言文字隔阂，不住地问这个问那个，那诚挚求真的目光使回答者不好意思说一句强不知以为知的话。此后他就到意大利从威尼斯登船回国了，三年后，我也回国了，和他却很少见面，见了面也没有得到过充足的时间长谈。至于常常见面，能以谈些文学上的问题时，则是共同在昆明西南联合大学教书的那几年。

    他谈话时，仍然和我在柏林时所得到的印象一样。他倾心听取旁人的意见，旁人的意见只要有一分可取，他便点头称是。他这样虚心，使谈话者不敢说不负责任的话。他对我的确发生过这样的作用。我不知道别人在他面前是否也有过同样的感觉，但愿他的诚挚和虚心——这最显示在他那两只大眼睛上——曾经启迪过不少的人，应该怎样向人谈话！

    由虚心产生出来的是公平，没有偏见。党同伐异，跟自己意见相同的就结为朋党，跟自己意见不同的就加以攻击。刻薄寡恩，在朱先生写的文字里读不到的。他不是没有自己的意见，但他对于每个文艺工作者都给予了所应得的地位，不轻易抹杀任何一个的努力。去年五四，北大举行文艺晚会，我和他都被约去讲演，我在讲演时攻击到战前所谓象征派的诗，夜半回来，他在路上向我说：“你说得对！只是有些过分。”今年七月四日，我到清华去看他——这是我最后一次见他——他已十分憔悴，谈起一个过于主观的批评家，他尽管不以他为然，却还是说：“他读了不少的书。”

    一个没有偏见的、过于宽容的人，容易给人以乡愿的印象，但是我们从朱先生的身上看不出一点乡愿的气味。一切在他的心中自有分寸，他对于恶势力绝不宽容。尤其是近两年来，也就是回到北平以来，他的文字与行动无时不在支持新文艺以及新中国向着光明方面的发展。他有愤激，有热烈的渴望，不过这都蒙在他那平静的面貌与朴质的生活形式下边，使一个生疏的人不能立即发现。他最近出版的两部论文集《论雅俗共赏》和《标准与尺度》是他最坦白的说明。他一步步地转变，所以步步都脚踏实地；他认为应该怎样，便怎样。我们应该怎样呢？每个心地清明的中国人都会知道得清楚。

    不幸他在中途死去。中国的新文艺失却一个公正的扶持人，朋友中失却一个公正的畏友，将来的新中国失却一个脚踏实地的文艺工作者。

    现在我如果能够得到《雪朝》那本诗集，再把他历年的著作排列在一起，我会看见他在这一世纪的四分之一的时间内在走着一条忠实朴素的道路。

一九四八，北京

（选自《冯至诗文选集》）

    The poverty line is the minimum income that people need for an acceptable standard of living. People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor. Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem.

    As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too. Therefore, even with today's relatively high standard of living, about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living. Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs.

    For one thing, more than half of the poor people in the United States are not qualified to work. Over 40 percent of the poor people are children. By law, children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries. A large number of poor people are old. Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old, the normal retirement age.

    Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation, they have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job.

    Other poor people look for a job, but cannot find one. Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer.

    At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways:

    First, if the national economy grows, businesses and industries hire more workers. Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find employment. Then they will no longer below the poverty line.

    Second, if society invests in the poor，the poor will become more productive.

    If the government spends money on social programs, education and training for poor people, the poor will have the skills to offer. Then it is more probable that they can find jobs.

    Finally, if the government distributes society's income differently, it raises some poor people above the poverty line. The government collects taxes from the non-poor and gives money to the poor. These payments to the poor are called welfare.

    Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem. However, at the present time, many people depend on welfare for a minimally acceptable standard of living.