材料一：进入明代中叶以后，新经济因素滋长，城镇规模不断扩大，社会危机在不断加深。王阳明以为当时读书人沉溺于理学，无补于社稷安危。他力求建立有效的统治学说，认为一切事物都产生于人心，说“心外无物，心外无理”。同时王阳明也提出人人皆有良知，人人都可以成为圣人，“见父自然知孝，见兄自然知涕，见孺子入井，自然知恻隐，此便是良知”。他还提出“以吾心之是非为是非”，不必以孔丘和朱熹的语录为真理。程朱理学主张天理的他律性，天理成为外在的道德律令。王阳明良知自律思想架起了道德内化与道德外化的桥梁，高扬了个体的自主性和自律性 ，从而把人从外在天理的奴性中解放出来，从这个意义上说，有人称王阳明为中国的马丁·路德 ，确有一定道理。

——摘编自胡万年《王阳明良知自律的研究》等

材料二：中世纪西欧社会处于基督教的绝对统治之下，各种社会弊端丛生。自12世纪开始，伴随着城市经济的发展……开启了宗教改革的进程。马丁·路德宗教改革的核心是“因信称义”，即凭借内心对上帝的信仰就可以得救，无须事功或苦修。这使他最终从“因信称义”引申出“人人皆僧侣”这个直指天主教的革命性原则。……王阳明思想中确实存在着突出人的主体地位的倾向，但是就其对人的规定以及对所置根其中的社会生活所影响的深度和广度而言，又都远远不及欧洲同时期宗教该改革运动。

——摘编自黎玉琴《王阳明关于“人的发现”及其比较》

阅读理解

    Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.

    Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting（收缩）and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.

    Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”

    The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don't see and guide whether we see fear.”

    To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner（扫描仪）to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person's feeling of fear.

    “We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak' to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.

    “We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”