题干

17—18世纪欧洲、北美发生了翻天覆地的变化,资产阶级逐步走上政治舞台,开始了世界历史的现代化进程。阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一:对……开始进行的征服和掠夺,非洲变成商业性地猎捕黑人的场所,这一切标志着资本主义生产时代的曙光。

——马克思《资本论》

材料二:英国资产阶级在17世纪发展了商业,成立了……。依靠国会并且与国会一起向国王提出他们所需要的条件,所以以内战形式“摊牌”。

——《欧洲文明的进程》

材料三: 18世纪中期,牛顿的理论体系在欧洲各国得到广泛认可,对整个欧洲和世界的科学与哲学发展产生了深远的影响。

——詹姆斯·格雷克《牛顿传》

材料四:从世界现代化的历史进程来看,早在十七、十八世纪,西欧诸国就开始最早迈向了现代世界,形成了现代性,并取得了在世界范围内的优势地位。

——李宏图《现代性的形成和扩展—17、18世纪的世界现代化历史进程》

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    China has developed a unique festival food culture throughout the years. Eating dumplings is a common folk custom for many Chinese on the day of winter solstice(冬至), especially those____live in the north.

    When midwinter comes, vital movement begins to decline and calm down. In this period,____eaten in a right amount, some nuts such as peanuts, walnuts, and chestnuts are good for one's body.

    People in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province,____ (be) accustomed to eating wontons in midwinter. According to an old story, during the midwinter feast 2, 500 years ago, the King of Wu____(feed) up with all kinds of costly foods and wanted to try____(variety) things. Then, the beauty Xishi made wontons to honor the kings wish. He ate a lot and liked the food very much. Later, the people of Suzhou had wontons to celebrate the festival____(official).

    In places such as Shanghai, people eat tangyuan, a kind of small dumpling ball____(produce)with sticky rice flour (粉). In Yinchuan, Ningxia, people call midwinter the "Ghost Festival". On that day, it is customary for people there to eat mutton soup and the dumplings in it. They give the midwinter soup a strange name and call it "brain", which they usually share with their____relative)

    People in Taiwan keep the custom of providing nine-layer cakes____their ancestors. People from the same family gather at their ancestral temples to adore their ancestors in order of their ages. After____(hold)the sacrificial ceremony, there is always a grand dinner.