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    《诗经》原来是诗,不是“经”,这在咱们今天是很明确的。但在封建社会里,诗三百篇却被尊为“经”,统治阶级拿它来做封建教化的工具。

    从西周初期到春秋中叶,诗三百篇是一种配乐演唱的乐歌。这些乐歌一方面用于祭祀、宴会和各种典礼,当作仪式的一部分或娱乐宾主的节目。另一方面则用于政治、外交及其他社会生活,当作表情达意的工具,其作用和平常的语言差不多,当然它更加曲折动人。例如周代有一种“献诗陈志”的做法,当一些人看到国君或者同僚做了什么好事或坏事,就做一首诗献给他们,达到颂美或者讽谏的目的。还有人由于个人遭受冤屈或不幸,也往往通过诗来发泄和申诉。应该说明,“献诗陈志”是要通过乐工的演唱来献给君上或同僚的,所以卿士“献诗”总和“簪献曲”或“瞍赋”、“矇诵”并提。

    在人民群众的生活里,诗歌也常用于表情达意,例如《诗经·邶风·新台》和《诗经·秦风·黄鸟》等,都是针对具体的现实问题而发的。古代史传中还有一些不在三百篇之内的“徒歌”,例如《左传·宣公二年》记载宋国将军华元被郑国人提了去,后来逃回来,人民讥笑这位败军之将,做了一个歌儿对他唱。这样的歌,从性质上说和“献诗陈志”没有什么区别。不过士大夫献诗,是特地做了给乐工唱的;庶人的作品则先是在社会上流传,给采访诗歌的人收集去了,才配上乐曲,达到统治阶级的耳中。

    在外交宴会等场合,宾主各方往往通过“赋诗”来表达愿望和态度。“赋诗”时点出现成的诗篇,叫乐工们演唱,通过诗歌的问答,了解彼此的立场,这就叫“赋诗言志”。这种“赋诗”往往不管原作本身的内容和意义,仅仅是把赋诗者的观点和愿望寄托在诗中某几句之上,来作比喻和暗示,所以是一种典型的断章取义。《左传·襄公二十六年》记晋侯为了卫国一个叛臣的缘故,把卫侯羁押起来,齐侯和郑伯到晋国去说情,郑国的子展就赋《诗经·郑风·将仲子》一诗。《将仲子》本来是一首爱情诗,这当中有“人之多言,亦可畏也”的话,是说女的爱着男的,又怕旁人说闲话;子展却借用来说,晋侯纵然有理由,但“人言可畏”,别人看来总是为一个叛臣。

    诗三百篇到了孔子的时代 ,由于新声代替古乐,造成了诗与乐的分家,诗也就由乐歌逐渐变为纯粹的语文言文艺术了,“赋诗”“献曲”也不大见到了。诗三百篇在社会上的实际 用途缩小了,封建士大夫就逐渐把诗的意义和封建教化的原则联系起来。比如公孙丑问,《伐檀》诗中,为什么君子不耕而食?孟子回答道:“国君用了他,就得到安富尊荣;子弟信从他,就学会孝悌忠信。君子不劳而食,还有谁比他功劳更大呢?”封建统治阶级就是这样“以意逆志”,最后把诗尊为“经”。直到五四运动以后,这部伟大的诗集才冲开了各种乌烟瘴气,在思想和艺术上放射出夺目的光辉。

(摘编自中华书局“知识丛书”金开诚《诗经》)

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短文填空。用下面方框中单词的适当形式填入短文空格内,使短文 意思正确、通顺。

back bad        express         feel     it     loud  luck     simple     sweet      thank      two    warm

Once upon a time, a young man came across a spring(泉水) of clear water while crossing the desert. The water was very sweet, and he filled his leather container(皮革容器) so that he could bring some____ to his teacher. After a four-day journey, he presented the water to his teacher.

The old man took a deep drink, smiled____ and thanked his

student very much for the sweet water. The young man returned to his village with a happy heart. After a while, the teacher let a____ student taste the water. He spat (吐) it out, saying it was terrible. It was clear that the water had become no longer fresh sweet because of the old leather container. The student questioned his teacher, “Master, the water tasted strange. Why did you still like it?” The teacher replied, “You____ tasted the water while I tasted the gift. The water was the container for an act of love and kindness and nothing could be ____ .”

After reading the story, we can understand that when we receive a chocolate as a gift from a child, we get more than the chocolate

____ . What we should do properly is to express ____ naturally to him or her because we love the idea within the gift.

Gratitude (感谢) doesn’t always come  naturally.____ , most children and many grown-ups like only the thing given rather than the ____ shown in it. We should remind ourselves and teach our children about the beauty of feelings and____ of gratitude. After all, gifts from the heart are really gifts of the heart.