题干

历史上重大改革回眸

材料:明未清初,明代宗室藩王们及一大批官僚豪绅被镇压后,这些被镇压的藩王、官僚豪绅所霸占的土地分布在山东、山西、湖南、湖北、陕西等地,当时清政府有的官吏建议统一回收,然后卖给农民耕种。而当时有的庶民一贫如洗,哪有钱购买这些土地呢?康熙作了一个令大部分清政府官吏张目结舌的决策,他下诏将藩王的土地无偿交给所在地的农民耕种,号称“更名田”。针对当时一方面国库粮食不充足;而另一方面地方出现抛耕、荒耕的现实状况,在康熙十年,对新垦荒地免税的年限,由过去的三年放宽到四年,又宽到六年,最后宽到了十年;此外,康熙皇帝针对贫困农民在垦荒和兴修水利无资金、无耕牛的问题,他下令地方政府给予财政资助。他说:“流移者给以官庄(官田),匮乏者贷以官牛,陂塘沟洫修以官帑(公款),则民财裕而力垦者多矣。”

——根据中国古代史资料整理

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             Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of prenatal involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child's class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女) where schools except them to act as partners in their children's education. Previous generations concentrated on getting children to 
school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn.
       Kaith Robinson, the author of the study, said, "I really don't know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be 
involved in their kids' education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was
 parents' help with homework." Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task." They may 
either not remember the material their kids are studying now, or in some cases never learnt it themselves, but they're still offering advice."
       Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically
 insignificant.
      Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because "children with good academic success do have involved
 parents ", admitted Robinson. But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success." A big 
surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved. They took a more reasonable approach, conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives."