题干

选官制度的发展与完善,体现了中国古代政治制度的特点及其管理水平。阅读下列材料:

材料一:阳嘉元年(东汉顺帝年号,公元132年),尚书令左雄议改察举之制。……雄上言:“郡国孝廉,古之贡士,出则宰人,宣协风教。若其面墙(无真才实学),则无所施用。孔子曰‘四十不惑’,礼称‘强仕’。请自今孝廉年不满四十,不得察举。皆先诣公府,诸生试家法,儒有一家之学,故曰家法。文吏课笺奏,副之端门,练其虚实,以观异能,以美风俗。有不承科令者,正其罪法。若有茂才异行,自可不拘年齿。”帝从之,於是班下郡国。

——唐·杜佑《通典》卷十三《选举一》

材料二:(隋朝)明确规定九品以上地方官一律由尚书省所属吏部任免,每年由吏部进行考核。……与此同时,选举权也集中到中央。……代之以科举制。科举制的特点是通过考试选拔人才,首先设立秀才、明经等科……一律按才学标准录取,……隋炀帝时增设进士科,放宽录取标准。

——樊树志《国史概要》

材料三:入仕群体中寒门子弟所占比例变化表:

朝代

东晋

北宋

比例

4%

17.2%

24.5%

46.1%

——数据于何怀宏《选举社会》

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