2015年是抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年。70年来我国开展了各种形式的纪念活动，以缅怀历史。阅读下列材料，回答有关问题：

材料一 1987年7月7日，中国人民抗日战争纪念馆建成开馆，坐落于北京卢沟桥畔的宛平城内。馆正前方抗战广场中央矗立着象征中华民族觉醒的“卢沟醒狮”，广场中轴线两侧各分布着7块草坪，寓意七七事变爆发地和中华民族的十四年抗日战争。

——李泽伟《中国人民抗日战争纪念馆：铭记日军侵华历史》

材料二 卅万亡灵，饮恨江城。……兄弟同心，共御外侮。捐躯洒血，浩气干云。尽扫狼烟，重振乾坤。……永矢弗谖，祈愿和平。中华圆梦，民族复兴。

——南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭铭文(节选)

材料三   1937年7月8日，中国工农红军将领***、朱德为日寇进攻华北致电蒋介石，要求实行“福建省总动员，保卫平津，保卫华北，收复失地”……“八·一三”事变后国民政府发表《自卫抗战声明书》：“中国为日本无止境之侵略所逼迫，兹已不得不实行自卫，抵抗暴力。”

——陈旭麓《近代中国社会的新陈代谢》

由于中国的战争，苏联直接免除了来自日本的压力……三次向中国提供了总额达到2．5亿美元的低息贷款……在昆明参战的以陈纳德将军为司令的美国“志愿者”飞行员——飞虎队也并入了美国第十四航空队参战，同时，美国的援助大幅度增加……

——徐中约《中国近代史》

材料四 为纪念抗战胜利60周年，中国邮政发行纪念邮票(小型张)

20世纪90年代，我国科学家通过转基因技术将细菌的抗虫基因成功地转移到棉花的受精卵中，培育出抗虫效果明显的棉花新品种。以上事实说明

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      The concept of solitude(独处) in the digital world is almost non­existent. In the world of digital technology, e­mail,social networking and online video games, information is meant to be 1. Solitude can be hard to discover 2it has been given up. In this respect，new technologies have3 our culture.

       The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a(n) 4 as we've known it. People have become so 5in the world of networks and connections that one can often be contacted 6they'd rather not be. Today we can talk, text, e­mail, chat and blog (写博客), not only from our 7， but from our mobile phones as well.

         Most developed nations have become 8on digital technology simply because they've grown accustomed to it, and atthis point not 9 it would make them an outsider. 10， many jobs and careers require people to be 11.From this point of view, technology has changed the culture of work. Being reachable might feel like a 12 to those who may not want to be ableto be contacted at all times.

 I suppose the positive side is that solitude is still possible for anyone who13 wants it. Computers can be shut 14andmobile phones can be turned off. The ability to be “connected” and “on” hasmany 15， as well asdisadvantages. Travelers have ended up 16on mountains, and mobilephones have saved countless lives. They can also make people feel 17and forced to answer unwanted calls or 18 to unwanted texts.

         Attitudes towards our connectedness as asociety 19across generations. Some find today's technology a gift.Others consider it a curse. Regardless of anyone's view on the subject, it'shard to imagine what life would be like20daily advancements intechnology.

操纵巴黎和会的三国是(   )
①美国    ②法国    ③英国    ④日本