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    田单者,齐诸田疏属也 。为临菑市掾,不见知 。及燕使乐毅伐破齐,尽降齐城,惟独莒、即墨不下。燕引兵东围即墨,即墨大夫出与战,败死。城中相与推田单,立以为将军,以即墨距燕。顷之,燕昭王卒,惠王立,与乐毅有隙 。田单闻之,乃纵反间 于燕,宣言曰:“齐王已死,城之不拔者二耳。乐毅畏诛而不敢归,以伐齐为名,实欲连兵南面 而王齐。齐人未附,故且缓攻即墨以待其事。齐人所俱,惟恐他将之来,即墨残矣。”燕王以为然,使骑劫代乐毅。乐毅因归赵,燕人士卒忿。田单又纵反间曰:“吾惧燕人掘吾城外冢墓,僇 先人,可为寒心。”燕军尽掘垄墓 ,烧死人。即墨人从城上望见,皆涕泣,俱欲出战,怒自十倍。田单知士卒之可用,乃令甲卒皆伏,使老弱女子乘城,遣使约降于燕,燕军皆呼万岁。田单又收民金,得千镒 ,令即墨富豪遗燕将,燕军由此益懈。田单乃收城中得千余牛,为绛缯衣 ,画以五彩龙文,束兵刃于其角,而灌脂束苇于尾,烧其端。凿城数十穴,夜纵牛,壮士五千人随其后。牛尾热,怒而奔燕军,燕军夜大惊。牛尾炬火 光明炫耀,燕军视之皆龙文,所触尽死伤。五千人因衔枚 击之,而城中鼓噪从之,老弱皆击铜器为声,声动天地。燕军大骇,败走。齐人遂夷杀其将骑劫。燕军扰乱奔走,齐人追亡逐北 ,所过城邑皆叛畔燕而归田单,齐七十余城皆复为齐。

(《史记·田单列传》,有删节)

【注释】①诸田:指齐王田氏宗族的各个分支。疏属:血缘比较远的宗族。②见知:被人了解,受重用。③有隙:在感情上有不和。④纵:发,放,行使。反间:利用间谍离间敌方内部,使其落入我方圈套而取胜。⑤南面:古以坐朝南为尊位,故天子诸侯见群臣,或卿大夫见僚属,皆南面而坐。故后又泛指帝王或大臣的统治为南面。王齐:在齐国称王。王,用如动词。⑥僇:羞辱。⑦垄墓:坟墓。⑧镒:古代重量单位,二十两为镒。⑨绛缯衣:大红色丝帛制成的被服。⑩炬火:火把。 衔枚:枚的形状如筷子,横衔口中,以禁止喧哗,古时军中常用。 追亡逐北:追击败逃的敌人。亡:逃跑。北:败逃。

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“Chicken” idioms(习语)

    The word “chicken” is used in so many English idioms. Do you know the following?

    Don't count your chickens before they hatch.

    The expression“Don't count your chickens before they hatch”means “Don't expect that all your eggs, which have been laid, will hatch. “Hatch” is a verb, meaning the baby chicken breaks open the shell of the egg and comes out successfully. So the expression mainly means “Don't depend on things working out just as you want them to.” this saying appears in the story The Milkmaid and Her Pail in Aesop's Fables.

    A chicken-and-egg situation

    In history, philosophers(哲学家)and scientists have met this dilemma(困境): Which came first, the chicken or the egg? Aristotle thought that both the bird and the egg must have always been there. However, more recently, scientists such as Stephen Hawking have argued that the egg came before the chicken. In common speech, the term “a chicken-and-egg situation” means a situation where it is impossible to say which of two things appeared first and which caused the other one.

    Don't be such a chicken

    There seems to be an idea in English, somehow, that a chicken is a scared bird. Maybe that's not fair as most birds will probably fly away from you if you go towards them. But “Don't be such a chicken” means “Don't be so scared and get a bit more courage.” So if your friend fear to do something, you can say to him or her, “Don't be such a chicken. Just have a try!”