Guide Dogs of America, A History is the book that we all have been waiting for. It's a book that tells how and where the guide dog movement really started, with information never before revealed--until now. After reading this 200-page, picture-filled work, you will know about every aspect of Guide Dogs of America(GDA) from its inception to how it has become one of the top guide dog schools in the country.

    Joseph W. Jones, Sr., was refused a guide dog because of his age--he was fifty seven--but he would not accept defeat. He researched the guide dog movement and with the help of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, established his own school, one that would provide guide dogs free of charge to visually impaired people regardless of their age.

    The school graduated 18 guide dog teams the first year with students staying at, GDA's first trainer, Lambert Kreimer's house on South Virginia Avenue in Burbank, and Jones manning the office on Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood.

    In 1952, Jones addressed the quadrennial(四周年纪念的) IAM Grand Lodge Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. “I sincerely prayed to God for two things,” Jones said. “After my wife passed away and left me with a ten-year-old boy, I prayed that I would be spared long enough to see this organization well established and that my ten-year-old boy would become a man. Both prayers have been answered. The organization is well established, it is in the hands of the IAM and my boy is a man, and I am proud to say that today he is a member of the IAM.”

    Jones' pray for a successful organization had been answered now, ten years after he was rejected for being too old, his dream of having a guide dog for himself, hundreds of others had already been given the gift of sight because of his drive and determination. That school, now known as Guide Dogs of America, has provided guide dogs to thousands of people free of charge.

从生物学的角度看，随地吐痰的害处主要是（    ）

阅读下面的文字，完成任务小题。

    两千余年前的秦代宫殿建筑是相当惊人的。《史记·秦始皇本纪》载：“始皇以为咸阳人多，先王之宫廷小，乃营作朝宫渭南上林苑中。先作前殿阿房，东西五百步，南北五十丈，上可以坐万人，下可以建五丈旗。周驰为阁道，自殿下直抵南山。表南山之颠以为阙。”从以上文字材料可以看出，中国建筑最大限度地利用了木结构的可能和特点，一开始就不是以单一的独立个别建筑物为目标，而是以空间规模巨大、平面铺开、相互连接和配合的群体建筑为特征。今天，当年的地面建筑已不可见，但地下始皇陵的规模格局也清晰地表明了这一点。从现在挖掘的极为片断的陵的前沿兵马俑坑情况看，整个场面简直是不可思议的雄伟壮观。这完全可以与埃及金字塔相媲美，不同的是，它是平面展开的整体复杂结构，不是一座座独立自足的向上堆起的比较单纯的尖顶。“百代皆沿秦制度”，建筑亦然。它的体制、风貌大概始终没有脱离先秦奠定下来的这个基础规范。秦汉、唐宋、明清建筑艺术基本保持了和延续着相当一致的美学风格，即作为中国民族特点的实践理性精神。

    首先，世界其他各民族主要建筑多半是供养神的庙堂，如希腊神庙殿、伊斯兰建筑、哥特式教堂等等。中国建筑主要大都是宫殿建筑，即供世上活着的君主们居住的场所。大概从新石器时代的所谓“大房子”开始，中国的祭拜神灵即在与现实生活紧相联系的世间居住的中心，而不在脱离世俗生活的特别场所。自儒学替代宗教之后，在观念、情感和仪式中，中国人更进一步发展贯彻了这种神人同在的倾向。于是，不是孤立的、摆脱世俗生活、象征超越人间的出世的宗教建筑，而是入世的、与世间生活环境联在一起的宫殿宗庙建筑，成了中国建筑的代表。在中国建筑的空间意识中，不是去获得某种神秘、紧张的灵魂感、悔悟或激情，而是提供某种明确、实用的观念情调。正如中国绘画理论所说，山水画有“可望”“可行”“可游”“可居”种种，只是“可游”“可居”胜过“可望”“可行”。中国建筑也同样体现了这一精神。即是说，它不重在强烈的刺激或认识，而重在生活情调的感染熏陶，它不是一礼拜才去一次的灵魂的洗涤之处，而是能够经常瞻仰或居住的生活场所。与哥特式建筑相反，中国建筑的平面纵深空间，已把空间意识转化为时间进程，游历其中，使人感受到生活的安适和环境的和谐。实用的、入世的、理智的、历史的因素在这里占着明显的优势，从而排斥了反理性的狂迷意识。而正是这种狂迷意识构成许多宗教建筑的审美的基本特征。

    中国的这种理性精神还表现在建筑物严格的对称结构上，以展现严肃、方正、井井有条。所以，就单个建筑来说，比起基督教、伊斯兰教和佛教建筑来，它确乎相对低矮，比较平淡，应该承认逊色一筹。但就整体建筑群说，它却结构方正，逶迤交错，气势雄浑。它不是以单个建筑物的体状形貌，而是以整体建筑群的结构布局、制约配合而取胜。即使像万里长城，虽然不可能有任何严格对称可言，但它的每段体制则是完全雷同的。它盘缠万里，虽不算高大却连绵于群山峻岭之巅，像一条无尽的龙蛇在作永恒的飞舞。它在空间上的连续本身即展示了时间中的绵延，成了我们民族的伟大活力的象征。

（选自李泽厚《美的历程》，有删改）