题干

阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料:斯塔夫里阿诺斯:“从世界史的观点看,美国的革命之所以重要,并不是因为它创造了一个独立的国家,而是因为它创造了一个新的、不同类型的国家和政治机制。”麦迪逊说:美国政治体制是一套“地域和体制的双向平衡机制”。

根据材料并结合所学知识,谈谈你对麦迪逊“双向平衡机制”的理解。(说明:选择一个方面进行论述;要求观点明确、史论结合、史实准确。)

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示例一:“美国的制度设计”是地域平衡机制:(1)中央与地方利益平衡:中央“抓大放小”,地方有相对独立性,既符合美国州先于国的国情,又兼顾了国高于州的需要。(2)大州与小州利益平衡:参议院的议员名额每州不论大小,均为两名,众议院议员名额则按各州人口比例分配。(3)南方与北方利益平衡:5个黑人折合3个人来计算南方各州的人口总数。

示例二:“美国的制度设计”是体制平衡机制:(1)参议院议员由各州议会选出,体现了政治精英的利益;众议院议员的选举体现了普通民众的利益;总统的选举采取选举人团制度,则

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    David Beckham was born in 1975 in London, at a place called Leytonstone. When he was a young boy, his greatest passion was in football. He played it whenever he had the chance. Sometimes he would go and watch a game with his friends. When David Beckham was 12 years old, he won the Bobby Charlton Soccer Skills award. This was an important step forward for this young boy, and it led him to go for a visit to a football training camp in Spain. As a boy he played for schools of Essex and also for his county team.

    In 1991, he became a trainee with Manchester United. This meant that he could practice football as much as he wanted to and play for the highly successful Manchester United Youth Cup team and Under-21 team. In April, 1995 he played his first football league game against Leeds Untied. During 1995 and 1996, David became a regular member of the team and Manchester United won in both football seasons, with David scoring many goals.

    His goals made him a household name. In the first game of the 1996-1997 season, he scored a surprising goal from beyond the halfway line; seeing the goalkeeper a little way out of his goal, Beckham became famous overnight. He continued to score astonishing goals, especially from free-kicks. The speed of one of his shots was timed at 157 kph. He also had the ability to make the ball go from left to right, or right to left, whenever he chose. Goalkeepers were never sure where the ball was going, and it regularly ended up in the goal.