李斯论

（清）姚鼐

    苏子瞻谓李斯以荀卿之学乱天下，是不然。秦之乱天下之法，无待于李斯，斯亦未尝以其学事秦。

    当秦之中叶，孝公即位，得商鞅任之。商鞅教孝公燔《诗》、《书》，明法令，设告坐之过，而禁游宦之民。因秦国地形便利，用其法，富强数世，兼并诸侯，迄至始皇。始皇之时，一用商鞅成法而已，虽李斯助之，言其便利，益成秦乱，然使李斯不言其便，始皇固自为之而不厌。何也？秦之甘于刻薄而便于严法久矣，其后世所习以为善者也。斯逆探始皇、二世之心，非是不足以中侈君张吾之宠。是以尽舍其师荀卿之学，而为商鞅之学；扫去三代先王仁政，而一切取自恣肆以为治，焚《诗》、《书》，禁学士，灭三代法而尚督责，斯非行其学也，趋时而已。设所遭值非始皇、二世，斯之术将不出于此，非为仁也，亦以趋时而已。

    君子之仕也，进不隐贤；小人之仕也无论所学识非也即有学识甚当见其君国行事悖谬无义疾首嚬蹙于私家之居而矜夸导誉于朝庭之上，知其不义而劝为之者，谓天下将谅我之无可奈何于吾君，而不吾罪也；知其将丧国家而为之者，谓当吾身容可以免也。且夫小人虽明知世之将乱，而终不以易目前之富贵，而以富贵之谋，贻天下之乱，固有终身安享荣乐，祸遗后人，而彼宴然①无与者矣。嗟乎！秦未亡而斯先被五刑夷三族也，其天之诛恶人，亦有时而信也邪！

    且夫人有为善而受教于人者矣，未闻为恶而必受教于人者也。荀卿述先王而颂言儒效，虽间有得失，而大体得治世之要。而苏氏以李斯之害天下罪及于卿，不亦远乎？行其学而害秦者，商鞅也；舍其学而害秦者，李斯也。商君禁游宦，而李斯谏逐客②，其始之不同术也，而卒出于同者，岂其本志哉！宋之世，王介甫以平生所学，建熙宁新法，其后章惇、曾布、张商英、蔡京之伦，曷尝学介甫之学耶？而以介甫之政促亡宋，与李斯事颇相类。夫世言法术之学足亡人国，固也。吾谓人臣善探其君之隐，一以委曲变化从世好者，其为人尤可畏哉！尤可畏哉！

下列叙述正确的是（ ）

    I was having a period of bad health. I had one operation after another. I was falling 1 faster than the doctors could put me back together. But I just couldn't bear the operation, the hospital stay, the long recovery and the physical therapy（康复治疗）. I told my doctor I was going to try 2 else.

    I'd discovered that walking gave me a little 3. So I started walking. The first day, my wife 4 off our steep Silver Lake hill to a flat street. She got me out of the car, and I walked about two blocks 5 asking to be taken home. The next day, I walked about four 6.

    Slowly, feeling a little 7 every day, I began to walk a mile or more. I even 8some hills to my route. I became interested in the network of public stairways around Silver Lake I made a 9 of it and walked every public staircase in Silver Lake. That went pretty well, so I 10 onto Echo Park. I was feeling better, so I kept going. The search finally 11 “Secret Stairs: A Walking Guide to the Historic Staircases of Los Angeles' a book 12 in the spring of 2010. By then, I had 13. I'd been walking at least an hour a day for three years. My life 14 returned to normal.

    In three years of walks, I've met dozens of people who'd had 15 experiences of rebirth or recovery. One man told me he'd lost 80 pounds walking the secret stairs and was dating for the first time in a decade. One woman told me she'd 16 knee operation. Another told me she'd been 17 to start ballroom dancing again.

    All I'd 18 from the walks was relief from pain. What I got was 19, community and a whole new experience of my city. Out of the car, on my feet and moving at walking pace, I 20 Los Angeles for the first time.

下列用电器中，利用电流热效应工作的是（　　）