A. High tech with traditional life at Green Bank.

    Over millions of years, penguins（企鹅）have developed a keen sense of where to find food. Once they're old enough, they set off from the shores on which they were hatched for the first time and swim long distances in search of tasty fish like anchovies and sardines. But they don't search directly for the fish themselves.

    For example, when young African penguins head out to sea, they look for areas with low surface temperatures and high chlorophyll(叶绿素) because those conditions signal the presence of phytoplankton（浮游植物）. And lots of phytoplankton means lots of plankton（浮游动物）, which in turn means lots of their favorite fish. Well, that's what it used to mean.

    Climate change plus overfishing have made the penguin feeding grounds a mirage(海市蜃楼). The habitat is indeed plankton-rich—but now it's fish-poor. Researchers call this an “ecological trap.”

    “It's a situation where you have a signal that previously pointed an animal towards good quality habitat. That habitat's been changed, usually by human pressures. The signal stays, but the quality in the environment deteriorates.”

    Richard Sherley, a zoologist at the University of Exeter and his team used satellite imaging to track the African penguins from eight sites along southern Africa. Historically, the birds benefited from tons of fish off the coasts of Angola, Namibia and western South Africa, but now they're going hungry.

    “I was really hoping we'd see them going east, and finding areas where the fish had moved to but it ends up being quite a sad story for the penguins.” said Richard.

    The researchers calculate that by falling into this ecological trap, African penguin populations on South Africa's Western Cape have declined by around 80 percent.

    Some research groups are exploring the idea of moving chicks to a place where they can't get trapped, like the Eastern Cape. But Sherley thinks that a longer-term solution means making and carrying out rules to create more sustainable(可持续的) fishing industry, something that he says needs public support.

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家书
延叔喝完第一杯酒，雪花就柳絮般飘落下来。菊麻雀似的蹦进门，喊道：“哥来信了。”延叔接过信又递给菊：“快拆开念念。”菊娘一脸惊喜地从灶间跑出，坐到靠墙的矮凳上，认真地仰起头。菊小心地拆开信，抽出薄薄的一张纸。 
“我一切都好，只是钱不够用。春节车上挤，不回家过年了。”菊一字一顿地念出，脸上的喜悦一点点地消失。 
延叔有些不高兴，完了？菊淡淡道，完了。
延叔长长地“嗯”了一声，倒满一盅酒，咕咚喝下。菊娘一看延叔脸色不对劲儿，忙打起圆场：“收到信就好。伢子在大学念书很忙，没工夫写许多话。” 
菊问：“回不回信？”菊娘斜瞟一眼：“当然回。把家里事告诉哥，让他安心念书。” 
菊趴到桌子上，从书包里翻出两张草稿纸，红通通的小手一把撰住笔杆裂开的圆珠 笔。延叔叹了一口气说：“告诉你哥，信已收到，钱过几天凑好寄去。叫他放心。”说完回过头去，“我没什么说了。”菊娘心领神会，双手拢到围裙下，脸上漾出笑容：“我说两句。对哥说家里的事都好。秋后老母猪生下9只崽。今年价好，涨到7块，有卖头儿。卖猪崽的钱还清了去年的债。 
“上个月，那只黑老毋鸡被隔壁伢子打断了腿，我心疼了好几天，找到村上张兽医，他说不碍事。现在果真好了，只是有点跛。” 延叔腮帮子一鼓：“说这些干啥？菊，天冷了，叫你哥要当心自己，免得你娘挂念。告诉他家里人身体都好。”菊娘赶紧插上：“我就是晚上困不着，胃老是痛。叫你哥在学校吃饱吃好，想吃啥就吃啥。不要让人笑话咱。”菊烦透了：“哥是大学生，这点事都不懂？”
延叔把酒沥下，不够一盅，只好慢慢喝，边咂嘴边说：“菊，把你的学习情况给你哥说说。” 菊咬起下唇，写道：“上次期中考试我第一名，得了一张奖状和一枝钢笔。娘还蒸了鸡蛋给我吃。那枝笔很漂亮，我舍不得用，收在枕头底下……大学里也发奖状吗？你也要好好学习，争取得到奖状，让全家都高兴高兴。”
菊写好抬起头。延叔收回盯着菊飞快移动的小手的目光，倒放起酒盅。菊娘就站起去灶间盛饭。延叔又想起来什么，叫菊接着写：“前两天，上面分来救灾衣服。队长说你有出息，特地分给我家一件半新的呢子大衣， 让你回家过年穿。腊狗说样式还挺流行，城里都作兴。你不回家我就托人寄去。” 菊娘端出饭，也突然想起什么，叫菊再加上几句：“娘初一到后山庙里替你求了签，签上说你有小灾损，要切切注意。” 
菊嚷嚷起来：“没纸写了。”延叔见写了密密麻麻的三大张，说：“就不写了。”菊娘便说：“对。你哥不信这些。再说，写多了他没时间看，他的信就那么短。” 延叔端起饭碗扒拉了几口，又放下，仿佛心里有什么东西哽着。拿起那薄薄的一张纸，延叔瞪着眼前没了热气的几碟菜，硬邦郑地甩出一句：“重写一封。”正在有滋有味嚼饭锅巴的菊 愕然睁大眼睛，随即就按延叔的话庄重地写好第二封信：         
“信收到。钱就寄”。                                                              

材料：自“中国通商以来，即许各国领事自行审判，……而吾之法权日削。”中华法系“诸法合体，刑民不分”，其在近代受到强烈冲击。在厉行“新政”的招牌下，沈家本、伍廷芳等修律大臣主持的司法制度改革，加速了中国法律近代化进程。

改革始于沈家本奏呈《大清刑事民事诉讼法草案》，提出了一系列改革诉讼程序的方案。最终程序法得以制定，有了实体法和程序法的区分，并确定了诉讼审判制度。司法机关的改革是改革重点。刑部改为法部，成为专门的司法行政机关，管理监狱、执行刑罚，监督各级审判厅和高等审判厅判决的死刑案件。大理寺更名为大理院，成为全国最高审判机关，下设民刑庭，并设推事和庭长组成合议庭进行审判工作。大理寺还有统一解释法律的权利，其解释在全国范围内都有效。都察院的职能得以净化，开始向现代行政监察机构靠拢。确立了“司法独立”原则，开始引入西方近代监察体系。要求各省的改革应当参照中央官制进行。

——张晋藩《中国法制史》

阅读材料，回答问题

材料一：

材料二：1973年，袁隆平培育出世界上第一个杂交水稻“南优2号”，此后又成功培育出“超级杂交水稻”。自70年代中期至2001年，增产粮食40亿吨，创造经济效益4000多亿元。袁隆平针对全球性粮食危机问题说；“中国完全能解决自己的吃饭问题，中国还要帮助世界人民解决吃饭问题！”