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光污染:美丽外衣下的环境杀手

    ①“昼短苦夜长,何不秉烛游。”自古以来,人们就向往光明,希望以灯光扫去夜晚的寂寞,延长白天的喧闹。现代社会,光照的不合理使用带来了一种可怕的灾难——光污染。在日常生活中,我们常见的因人为因素造成的光污染主要有:

    ②建筑物外墙反射的眩光造成的白亮污染。当太阳光照射强烈时,城市里建筑物的玻璃幕墙、釉面砖墙、磨光大理石等装饰反射光线,明晃白亮、眩眼夺目。据光学专家研究,镜面建筑物玻璃的反射光比阳光照射更强烈,其反射率高达82%~90%。夏天,玻璃幕墙强烈的反射光进入附近居民楼房内,可使室温平均升高4℃~6℃,影响正常的生活。有些玻璃幕墙是半圆形的,反射光汇聚还容易引起火灾。此外,烈日下驾车行驶的司机会遭到玻璃幕墙反射光的突然袭击,眼睛受到强烈刺激,因此很容易诱发车祸。

    ③亮度过大的夜景照明造成的白昼污染。夜幕降临后,商场、酒店的广告灯、霓虹灯令人眼花缭乱。有些强光束甚至直冲云霄,使得夜晚如同白天一样,即所谓人工白昼。在这样的“不夜城”里,夜晚难以入睡,人体正常的生物钟被扰乱,导致白天工作效率低下。人工白昼会严重危害动植物的正常生长,夜间过亮的室外照明,会使不少的益虫和益鸟直接扑向灯光而丧命。比如德国法兰克福游乐场的霓虹灯每晚要烤死数万只有益昆虫。如果一个城市,特别是不夜城,拥有数万甚至数十万只或组室外照明灯,长此下去,该地区生态平衡必将受到严重破坏。

    ④另外,娱乐场所的多种光源造成的彩光污染,不仅对眼睛不利,而且干扰大脑中枢神经,使人出现头晕、恶心、呕吐、失眠等症状。最新研究表明,这种污染不仅影响人的生理功能,还会影响心理健康。

    ⑤其实,玻璃幕墙本身也很容易被污染,尤其在大气含尘量较多、空气污染严重、干旱少雨的北方地区,玻璃幕墙更易蒙尘纳垢,这对城市景观而言,非但不能增“光”,反而丢“脸”。

    ⑥光污染虽然危害很大,但只要采取适当措施还是可以预防的。我们要从城市规划、环境设计、建筑材料等方面综合解决这个问题。

(选自《中国国家地理》杂志,有删改)

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    It was a cold winter. The wind blew all night and the snow was blinding. When morning came, my three children and I got up and made our way to the windows. As we looked out the window, we saw that the henhouse was gone. Our three hens had been blown away.

    I looked at the emptiness outside. Then I saw all three chickens sat around the edge of a white bucket. How was this violent wind not blowing them into the field beyond? I quickly pulled on long snow pants and heavy winter coat, wrapped a scarf and stuck my feet into very large boots .

    I shouted at the wind as it blew. I was alone, save for my children. They stared out the window into the vast white sea of snow, their eyes peeled for any sign of movement. Outside I heard the sound of my boots as I walked against the wind.

    The snow circling around me, I steadily made my way to the soft cluck-cluck-cluck sound my hens always made. When I reached them, I saw that their little feet were holding on to the edge of the bucket, heads bent forward and away from the wind. I gently lifted each hen and put it carefully into the warm inside. Then I began the freezing walk back to the small shed directly behind our house. One by one I laid my chickens on the cold floor, and they began to cluck softly.

    As I shut the shed doors, my eyes went directly to the window where my children were watching. They jumped up and down cheering, and so did I! I wasn't some dragon slayer (屠龙者) from a fairy tale. I was simply a mom, but the look on my children's faces told me that they thought I was a hero mom.