材料一：夏、商、周、汉封建而延，秦郡邑而促。(注：在古文中，所谓“封建”就是指分封制，所谓“郡邑”就是指郡县制。)

——摘自柳宗元《封建论》

材料二：秦有天下，裂都会而为之郡邑，废侯卫而为之守宰，据天下之雄图，都六合之上游，摄制四海，运于掌握之内，此其所以为得也。不数载而天下大坏，其有由矣。亟役万人，暴其威刑，竭其货贿。负锄梃谪戍之徒，圜视而合从，大呼而成群。时则有叛人而无叛吏，人怨于下而吏畏于上，天下相合，杀守劫令而并起。咎在人怨，非郡邑之制失也。

——摘自柳宗元《封建论》

两则材料分别表明了两种截然不同的观点。你如何看待历史上的分封制和郡县制优劣利弊？

    Hutong is a kind of ancient typical city 5lrccl in Beijing.____ (surround) the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing ____ (dynasty). In order to establish the strongest power for emperors, the royal family planned the city and arranged the residential areas (住宅区). The Forbidden City- ____ center of the Beijing city, was the royal palace.

    At the end of the Qing dynasty, after ____ (close) China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost____ (they) former neat (灵巧的) arrangement.

    After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the conditions of hutong ____ (improve). But in recent years, the houses in many hutongs have been pulled ____ and then replaced by modem buildings. And the hutong today is fading into the shade for both tourists____ local people.

    However, in the urban district of Beijing, hutongs still occupy one ____ (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs ____ (survive) these years. In this respect, we see Beijing as an ancient yet modem city.