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同类题2

阅读下面的文字,完成后面小题。

林语堂传(节选)

林太乙

编一部好词典,是父亲林语堂数十年的心愿。早在1930年代,他便请三伯憾庐及张海戈编一部像《牛津简明字典》的中文词典,但是编成之后,由于中日战争,文稿毁于兵火,六十册的稿子,只剩下父亲带到美国的十三册。

对于编纂汉英词典,父亲说:

“国语必有详确记载国语的词书,这个观念与字书完全不同。中国字书,一概以字为本位,不以语文中之词为本位。所以到现在,还没有由现代语言学观点编成的一本中国语文词典的专书。西方的英文、法文‘字典’,都是以那些的国语为本体,凡国语中的词的用法及文法词类,及其变化,都记载详尽。我国的词书,如《辞源》、《辞海》,虽然以词为单位,内容却偏于百科全书性质,未能就词论词,研究其在句中之文法地位及变化,也不能于单音组及数音组缀合所成之词,加以整理反分析。”

“中国向来无国语,因国语尚未统一。经五十年来国语统一会诸公的高瞻远瞩,不断地讨论,始定北平话为国语。1932年《国音常用字汇》,1947年《中华新韵》颁布出版,而后读音始有统一的标准。又跟着1918年颁布的注音字母各处推行,始有今日普遍承认之国语注音法。又自从文学革命以来,以白话为文学工具,教育部乃成立中国大辞典编纂处,经三十年之搜集材料始由汪怡主编《国语辞典》,在抗战期间由1937年出版第一册,至1945年出版第四册,而后我们可以说中国国语有一部详尽准确的词书。对于已往的白话文学及现代北平国音所有的材料都已有系统的纪录。这是开山的工作,前人筚路蓝缕之功,我们后学乃受其赐。所以我才敢梦想做一本更合时代的汉英词典。”

父亲编纂《当代汉英词典》是由香港中文大学赞助的。当时只有两种汉英词典在国际间流行通用。一是1892年翟理斯编的《汉英词典》,以及1932年麦氏编的《麦氏汉英大辞典》。这两部字典已经不足以应付当代的需要。1967年春,父亲受聘为中文大学的研究教授,主持词典的编纂工作。

在双城街的办公室工作人员马骥伸、黄肇珩,他们担任收集资料、查核,后来添了陈石孚,他在英文方面有所贡献。北外还有秘书、抄写陈守荆和施佩英。

父亲认为编词典的工作“如牛羊在山坡上遨游觅食,寻发真理,自有其乐”。事实上,这份工作庞大艰难,也许连他自己都没有料到。 

他拟了词典的蓝图,即编辑体例的概念,与马骥伸、黄肇珩商量,要他们仔细研究,提出意见。最初六个月,大概都花在体例问题上,父亲不惮繁琐,一再提出修正意见,经过讨论,最后决定了“大样”。这时,编辑小组开始试稿。他们帮助父亲选择单字和词句,加以注释,写在单张的稿纸上面,并依国语注音符号的次序排列起来。这一切做好之后,把稿子交给父亲,由他审定,再译成英文。凡在草稿中有疑问,他必反复问明出处、用法。偶尔触发灵感,想到佳妙词语,他便拔电话问办公室的同仁,是否已采录。译到得心应手,他会将纸片交司机送到双城街,供大家共赏。所有原稿自始至终他都一一过目、修改,并且一校再校。

这部被父亲认为是他写作生涯的巅峰之作《当代汉英词典》,于1972年10月由香港中文大学出版,全书约1800页。词典用的检字法是根据父亲发明“明快打字机”时所发明的“上下形检字法”再修订的。所采用的拼音法(简化国语罗马字)也是将他当年参与制定的国语注音法简化而成的,他首创的五十部首则成为这本词典的另一特色。

(有删改)

相关链接

①在汪怡的《国语辞典》之前,《国音常用字汇》也是推广北京语音为标淮的国音的,但由于只收单字,作用受到很大局限。《国语辞典》着眼于词,除为单字注音外,凡立为条目的词或短语都按北京话的实际读音注出,这在以前的词典中是没有过的。(韦冰《槐市云烟录》)

②林语堂的“上下形检字法”,将取字之左旁最高笔形及右旁最低笔形,将汉字分门别类,以便索检。他发明“明快中文打字机”,根据这个检字法设计键盘,只需三键便可以打出一个字。著名的语言学家赵元任写信对林语堂说,“这是个了不起的发明”,它的“好处是这键盘不用学便可打。”(施建伟《林语堂传》)

同类题3

阅读下面的短文,掌握其大意,然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选择最佳选项。
    Joe lost his arms in an accident that killed his father. Since then, he has had to depend on the 1of his younger sister Ella. In order to take care of him, Ella became his shadow, never leaving him 2 for years. Except for writing with his toes, he was completely unable to do anything in his life. 
    As they grew up together, they had their share of 3and they would often quarrel. Then one day, Ella wanted to separate from Joe, living 4 own life. So Joe was heart-broken and didn’t know what to do.
    A 5 misfortune (不幸) struck Rosa, too. One night her mother, who suffered(受苦) from mental illness, 6. So her father went out looking for her mother. She tried to cook meals for her parents, only to overturn the kerosene light on the stove, resulting in a fire which took her hands away.
    Though her elder sister Susan showed her willingness to take care of her, Rosa decided to be7 independent. And most of all she learned to do things on her own. Once she wrote the following in her composition: “I'm lucky. Though I lost my arms, I still have legs. Though my wings are broken, my heart can still 8.”
  One day,Joe and Rosa were both invited to a television interview program. Joe told the TV host about his 9 future at being left on his own, while Rosa was full of hope for her life. They both were asked to write something on a piece of paper with their toes. Joe wrote:My younger sister's arms are my arms; 10 Rosa wrote: Broken wings, flying heart.
    They had both stood the same sufferings, but their different 11 determined(决定) the nature of their lives. It is true that life is unpredictable. How you deal with misfortune is the true test of your character. If you choose only to complain and run away from the suffering,it will always 12 you wherever you go. But if you decide to be strong, the hardship will turn out to be a fortune on which new hopes will arise.