危机意识是一个民族不断进取的基本素养。据所学知识回答问题。
（1）19世纪中叶，俄国和日本国内都出现了危机。面对危机，俄、日都采取了回应措施。阅读下列选自《全球通史》的材料：
材料一：由于这些情况相结合，亚历山大二能在1861年3月1日颁布……法令。……这是俄国历史上的一个重大转折点。
材料二：日本新领导人……并不对西方文明本身感到兴趣，而仅仅对其中增加了民族力量的那些组成成分感兴趣。……他们提出了一个非凡的改革方案，宗旨在于建立一个强大的日本，而不是完全模仿西方国家。
请回答：
材料一说的是哪个“法令”？为什么说它的实施是“俄国历史上的一个重大转折点”？
②据材料二，概括日本向西方学习的特点；举出“日本新领导人”在经济、社会生活上学习西方文明的举措（各一例）；简述这些举措在解决民族危机方面的重大作用是什么？
③上述措施表明了俄国和日本解决危机的共同方式是什么？
（2）同一时期的美国面临着怎样的危机？最终使用什么方式解决的？
（3）以上问题涉及到的俄、美、日三个国家的革命或改革都是为了适应怎样的历史发展需要？

查字典

“诺”按部首查字法应查____部，再查____画，组词____

把下列各数填入表示它所在的数集的大括号：

﹣2.4，3，21.08，0，﹣100，﹣（﹣2.28），﹣ $\frac{10}{3}$ ，﹣|﹣4|，

正有理数集合：{____}

负有理数集合：{____}

整数集合：{____}

分数集合：{____}．

阅读材料，回答问题

材料一：

材料二：原子弹是一种战争武器，从来没有人可以怀疑它……在决定使用原子弹时，我要依照战争法规确定的方式，把它当作战斗武器来应用。——《杜鲁门回忆录》

    When Alice was sixteen, I was the one who wanted to run away from home. It was 1 to see the changes coming over her. She skipped school, and refused to communicate. I tried being firm, but it didn‘t 2. I saw a dark future for my once sweet daughter.

    One school day Alice returned home very late. With a quarrel in view. I was surprised to see Alice was 3.

     “I hope I did the right thing, Mom,”“Alice said. I saw a cat, all bloody but alive. I 4it to the vet's(宠物医院), and was asked to make payment 5. As I couldn't reach anyone at the phone number on the cat's tag(标牌), I had to pay the bill.”

    In the following days, the owner still couldn't be 6. Alice paid the vet to continue treatment. I grew 7: what if the family had simply left the cat behind?

    A week went by. A woman called to speak to Alice.

    “She is at school,” I said.

    “You have a 8daughter,” she said, apparently in tears.

    Her family had just returned from abroad, and got a (n) 9 from the vet. Their cat was recovering, thanks to Alice's 10. “We can't wait to hug Cuddles again,” she sobbed.

    Upon her return home, Alice was filled with 11at the news. So was I. I learned through another woman's eyes that my daughter was still a good person despite her 12teenage years. Her warm heart would surely guide her in the right direction.