题干

人体通过神经调节、体液调节和免疫调节对各种应激刺激(如寒冷刺激、病菌入侵等)做出反应.

(1)某人全身突然被冰水浇湿,躯干、四肢的骨骼肌会产生战栗,此反射的神经中枢位于____ .在该过程中皮肤感受器受到刺激产生兴奋,兴奋以____ 的形式沿着传入神经传导,并在____ 完成信号转换后传递给下一个神经元.

(2)儿童按计划免疫接种卡介苗以预防结核病,机体会产生抗体、记忆T细胞和记忆B细胞等,此后当外界结核杆菌侵入机体,机体启动特异性免疫,一方面由____ 产生特异性抗体进行体液免疫;另一方面进行细胞免疫,主要过程是:____ ,并与宿主细胞结合导致其死亡.从细胞的生命历程来说,被感染的宿主细胞的清除过程称为细胞____ .

(3)艾滋病病毒(HIV)是一种球形病毒,外有蛋白质组成的外壳,内有RNA.

①当HIV侵染____ 细胞时,病毒的____ 进入细胞内,其遗传信息是按照____ 的规律进行的(用简图表示).

②HIV有Ⅰ和Ⅱ两种类型,其中Ⅰ型又有7个亚型.Ⅰ型的基因组中4个主要基因的变异率最高可达22%,多达100种左右的HIV变异株是目前研制疫苗的主要困难,因此切断传播途径是唯一行之有效的预防措施.HIV众多变异类型是____的结果.

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    I was eight years old then. Looking1I remember the time in a baseball field passing the team that we had just2. We shook their hands and said, ”Good game!”

    It is3to do that when you win! When you lose, you have a tendency(倾向) to slap (拍) the hand-instead of shaking it-and4the ground instead of the eyes. This is not only true for an eight-year-old; it is true for adults, too.

    A few years ago, in a softball league, we lost 15 games! And we thought it was5. But during the “Good game” handshake after each6, I looked each player in the eyes and shook their hands. I couldn't look my opponents (对手) in the eyes and congratulate them on a good7when I was eight. Somehow I took the loss as a8on my self-worth and felt my self-confidence had been slapped;9-I did what most eight-year-olds do and I slapped the opponents' hands, not giving them the satisfaction of a shake. I was wrong to do this. I'm happy today as a(n)10 that I have learned this11: There is something to be said for losing well.

    12it is a baseball game or an important examination, you can13a lot about a person by now they deal with defeat. The person who deals with defeat as an14blow is not allowing the event to define (定义) him, while someone who cannot15defeat is allowing the event to16his self-worth. In my opinion, when you17in something-though it may be18-look at your opponents in the eyes, and shake their hands in a19way as you say, “Good game!”20to allow the event to define your life. You might find yourself winning the next game.