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    建安风骨,作为中国古典诗学的重要范畴之一,不仅指代汉魏之际雄健深沉、慷慨悲凉的文学风格,也一直是南朝以讫宋明批评家品评文学的主要标准。千年以来,这枚鲜活而真实的文化种子,历经流变,由狭入广,自道德而审美,深刻地影响了中国人的族群认同与生活想象,成为了解我们文化特性的一个不可或缺的符号,折射出时代迁移与诗学理念的复杂关系。

    自汉末延至魏晋南北朝,是中国历史上一个漫长的阵痛时期。社会的动荡和分裂,政权的瓦解和崩溃,以及儒学衰微和玄风炽盛,共同构成了士人人格裂变与心灵超越的主要原因。人才选拔的标准在悄然发生变化,“德”不再是唯一的尺度,而“才”或与才华相伴的性灵之美得到重视。这显然就是“风骨”脱颖而出的时代背景。“风”,指风姿、风韵和风神,用于品鉴人物的姿态和气质;“骨”,指骨相,用于赞赏人物的体格和形象。而这种评判风骨的视角与标准一旦形成,迅速影响到魏晋时代的审美自觉,并对绘画、书法以及文学的鉴赏与创作产生深远影响。

    对“建安风骨”进行理论总结并提炼其美学精神的,首推南朝齐梁时代文学理论家刘勰。众所周知,《文心雕龙》的基本立场是从儒学古文派的视角审视文学的起源与创作。由此出发,刘勰首先将“风骨”概念从带有玄学色彩的人物品藻功能拓展至“明道”“宗经”的文学批评尺度。他继承曹丕所揭橥的“文以气为主”的理念,既强调作家的生命体悟对创作的关键作用,又鲜明地突出文学与时代的内在关系。刘勰以“慷慨以任气,磊落以使才”来概括建安文学的美学特征,在时代的大脉动中突出生命的悲剧意识,进而推送出“建安风骨”这个中国诗歌美学的批评典范。

    唐王李世民在平定隋末社会大动乱之后即位,逐渐建立起一个统一、稳定和强大的新王朝。毫无疑问,帝国的繁盛对诗歌创作与品评产生了决定性的影响。刚健、雄壮而又辞采华茂的诗风成为诗人自觉的追求。在“建安风骨”流变史上,唐代两个标志性人物是初唐的陈子昂与盛唐的殷璠。陈子昂最早标举“汉魏风骨”的旗帜,将“兴寄”与“风骨”联系起来,张扬“骨气端翔,音情顿挫,光英朗练,有金石声”的美学,达到与“建安作者相视而笑”的境界。这使得他在继承建安诗歌慷慨苍凉的风格之外,又富于壮大高昂、寥廓雄浑的气概。盛唐诗人对传统进行了创造性转化,以“盛唐风骨”或“盛唐气象”替换了“建安风骨”,使刘勰“风骨”说焕发了生机。这种流变既呈现为从文、辞到兴象、境界的迁移,又体现为自道德而审美的流转,折射出时局变迁对诗学风格的深刻影响。

    “建安风骨”的流变史,一方面恰切地说明了时局变迁与文学格局、气度之间的内在关联,另一方面也提醒我们应该更客观地看待文学与政治的关系这个古老命题。对政治的参与和理解,深化了诗人的生命体悟;文学的温情与浪漫,又赋予政治一种别样的情致。当“建安文学”走出建安,当“建安风骨”不再只是某一个时代的符号,而成为整个民族对“壮美”与“崇高”的生活想象时,我们才更为深沉地洞察了“文变染乎世情”的深意。(选自王洪琛《“建安风骨”之流变》,《光明日报》2016年08月26日)

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    Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. Confused, I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher. Having no choice, I slowly raised the report I had slaved over, hoping to hide myself. “What could be causing everyone to act this way?”

    Quickly, I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot gave me the task. This was the first real talk I received in my new school. It seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country, I had never heard of that name before. As I searched the name of this fellow, it became evident that there were two people bearing the same name who looked completely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts, while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice; flip (掷) a coin. Heads—the commander, and tails—the peanuts guy. Ah! Tails, my report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.

    Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk,burningto find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?

    Obviously, my grade was awful. Heartbroken but fearless, I decided to turn this around. I talked to Miss Lancelot, but she insisted: No re-dos; no new grade. I felt that the punishment was not justified, and I believed I deserved a second chance. Consequently, I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later, that chance unfolded as I found myself sitting in the headmaster's office with my grandfather, now having an entirely different conversation. I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of my option to skip the sixth grade. Justice is sweet!