2013-2014学年山东省泰安市泰山区八年级上学期期末检测化学试卷

适用年级:初二
试卷号:307869

试卷类型:期末
试卷考试时间:2014/3/25

1.简答题(共1题)

1.
根据下列实验示意图回答相关问题:

(1)图1实验中称取氯化钠的质量为___________g。如药品有腐蚀性应放在__________中称量。托盘天平属于计量仪器,在使用过程中出现误差原因可能是____________________。(写出一条即可)
(2)按照图2所示方式读数比实际液体体积偏___________(填“大”或“小”);正确的读数方法是______________________。要量取25mL水,应选择___________(填“50mL”或“100mL”)量筒。
(3)改正图3中两处明显错误:①____________________; ②____________________。
(4)图4实验装置气密性的检验方法是_________________________________。

2.单选题(共8题)

2.
下列反应属于分解反应的是
A.镁+氧气氧化镁
B.锌+稀盐酸→氯化锌+氢气
C.碳酸钙氧化钙+二氧化碳
D.蜡烛+氧气二氧化碳+水
3.
分子在物理变化中没有改变的是
A.构成分子的原子数量、种类B.运动的速率
C.相互的间隔D.自身的能量
4.
下列现象中发生化学变化的是
A.冰雪融化B.铁器生锈C.瓷碗破碎D.酒精挥发
5.
下图是钠元素和氯元素在周期表中的信息,以及其三种粒子的结构示意图。据此判断下列叙述错误的是
A.氯的相对原子质量为35.45
B.①是一种阳离子,③是一种原子
C.钠元素单质常温下呈固态,而氯元素单质常温下呈液态
D.钠元素的原子序数为11
6.
剧烈运动会感到肌肉酸痛,是因为身体产生乳酸所致,其化学式为C3H6O3。下列四位同学在讨论乳酸化学式C3H6O3的意义,其中错误的是
A.表示1个乳酸分子
B.表示乳酸由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成
C.表示乳酸这种物质
D.表示乳酸由3个碳原子、6个氢原子、3个氧原子构成
7.
下列物质的化学式书写正确的是
A.硝酸铵:NH4NO3B.氧化镁:Mg2O
C.碳酸钠:NaCO3D.氢氧化钙:Ca(HO)2
8.
今年4月,在部分省市发现某些厂商用工业明胶来生产药用胶囊,严重危害患者的身体健康。工业明胶中含有毒的重铬酸钠(Na2CrO4),其中Cr元素的化合价为
A.+1价B.+2价C.+4价D.+6价
9.
2013年12月2日“嫦娥三号”成功发射,它携“玉兔”号月球车首次实现月球软着陆和月面巡视勘察。下图表示发生火箭子三级发动机内氢气和氧气燃烧生产水的微观过程,下列说法错误的是
A.氢气、氧气和水都是由分子构成的
B.燃烧过程中,分子种类发生了改变
C.燃烧过程中,原子的种类也发生了变化
D.氢气和氧气燃烧生成水属于化合反应

3.选择题(共8题)

10.

Parents advised me to communicate with my head teacher about the problem ________.

11.

—What do you think of the song Little Apple ________ was sung by Chopsticks Brothers?

—It's  relaxing and easy to sing.

12.

任务型阅读

    Traveling abroad during the vacation is the top choice of many Chinese people. But do we have good manners abroad?

    On Feb 25, a report said that a Chinese mother let her child pee (小便) in front of a shop in Tokyo. A journalist came to the mother. Instead of saying sorry, the woman said that her child had peed inside a plastic bag and had not made the floor dirty.

    This case has caused a big discussion about Chinese people' s traveling manners again.

    In recent years, improper behavior has become a real embarrassment for China as overseas tourism increases. With the improvement of living standards, more and more Chinese are traveling abroad. But there are still a number of Chinese lacking in (缺乏) a sense of public manners. For this situation, the Chinese government has suggested proper manners. The National Tourism Administration has made a list of tourists' worst behaviors, including littering, line-jumping, taking off shoes and socks in public, speaking loudly and smoking in non-smoking areas.

    We are going to improve the inner being of every Chinese citizen. “Traveling manners are a turning point.” said an official. And changes have begun to appear. Most people minded their behaviors during this Spring Festival holiday, according to the National Tourism Administration. They kept their voice down, waited in line and respected local rules.

13.

任务型阅读

    Traveling abroad during the vacation is the top choice of many Chinese people. But do we have good manners abroad?

    On Feb 25, a report said that a Chinese mother let her child pee (小便) in front of a shop in Tokyo. A journalist came to the mother. Instead of saying sorry, the woman said that her child had peed inside a plastic bag and had not made the floor dirty.

    This case has caused a big discussion about Chinese people' s traveling manners again.

    In recent years, improper behavior has become a real embarrassment for China as overseas tourism increases. With the improvement of living standards, more and more Chinese are traveling abroad. But there are still a number of Chinese lacking in (缺乏) a sense of public manners. For this situation, the Chinese government has suggested proper manners. The National Tourism Administration has made a list of tourists' worst behaviors, including littering, line-jumping, taking off shoes and socks in public, speaking loudly and smoking in non-smoking areas.

    We are going to improve the inner being of every Chinese citizen. “Traveling manners are a turning point.” said an official. And changes have begun to appear. Most people minded their behaviors during this Spring Festival holiday, according to the National Tourism Administration. They kept their voice down, waited in line and respected local rules.

14.

—Can I have a day off tomorrow, Mr. Johnson?

—________. I can manage without you.

15.

—Can you tell me ________?

—According to the pronunciation.

16.

—Can you tell me ________?

—According to the pronunciation.

17.

阅读理解

    BEIJING — China's education authority will tighten the widely criticized policy of “extra credits” for the national college entrance examination to ensure a fairer chance for all exam-takers.

    Under the policy, high school students who win awards in national Olympic competitions could get "extra credits', up to 20 points for the national college entrance exam. Students with talent in sports and students who are from ethnic groups can also benefit from this policy. The extra credits have increased these students' chances of being admitted by famous universities. Some parents were found to have helped their children fabricate(伪造)award experiences or falsify qualifications to get extra credits.

    “It has harmed education equality,” the ministry said.

    Xiong Bingqi, vice-chief of the 21st Century Education Research Institute, said the policy is designed to help students who have special talents but may be weak in academic performance to have a chance to receive higher education. It will still be needed but it is time to make the rules fairer," he said.

    The ministry said it will reduce the range of competitions whose winners can get extra credits, and limit the winners, privileges.

    The new policy will apply to students who begin high school in 2011, it said.

    Chen Lei, a mother of a 10-year-old girl, said she welcomed the ministry's policy adjustment as she does not want her daughter to become an Olympic competition geek.

    But not all the Chinese parents welcomed the new policy. “It is like a thunderbolt for me. My 13-year-old son has spent so much time studying Olympic math, and participated in so many technological competitions during vacations. It is useless now,” said Dong Wen, a 43-year-old mother.

    A student said, “Many students have changed the current study plan, and they can abandon the competition. I will be interested in learning the courses which can improve my abilities.”

    Yuan Guiren, minister of education, told China Daily that the reform is an attempt to consider the overall quality of an applicant. “But the country will not stop the national college entrance  examination as it is still the most objective way to evaluate talent in China,” he said.

4.填空题(共5题)

18.
酒精是我们生活中的常用品,如白酒中含有一定量的酒精,70%~75%酒精用于灭菌消毒,酒精学名为乙醇。某同学上网查阅了乙醇相关信息:乙醇是碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的,其结构式为:。乙醇是无色、透明、有香味、易挥发的液体,密度比水小,熔点-117.3℃,沸点78.5℃,极易溶于水。具有可燃性,能与金属钠发生反应生成氢气。依据上述信息回答下列问题:
(1)乙醇的化学式为(右下角方框内填上原子个数);
(2)乙醇物理性质是:______________________;
(3)乙醇化学性质是:______________________。
19.
下表为元素周期表中某一周期元素的原子结构示意图。
元素名称








元素符号
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
原子结构示意图








 
请回答下列问题:
(1)表中磷原子的核电荷数x=___________,该元素属于___________(填“金属”或“非金属”)元素。
(2)表中具有相对稳定结构的元素是___________。
(3)13号铝元素与硫酸根组成化合物的化学式为______________________。
(4)镁离子的结构示意图为______________________。
(5)上述元素在周期表中处于同一周期的原因是______________________。
20.
某品牌化肥尿素包装袋上部分信息见下图,请根据相关信息计算回答:

(1)尿素(化学式的化学式量为___________;
(2)一个尿素分子中所含原子数为___________;
(3)尿素中碳元素:氧元素:氮元素:氢元素的质量比为___________;
(4)尿素中氮元素的质量分数是多少?
(写出计算过程,计算结果精确到0.1%)
(5)判断该化肥属于___________(填“纯净物”或“混合物”)。
(6)某农田计划施用上述品牌的尿素(化学式)100kg,但由于货源短缺,现改用硝酸铵( 化学式NH4NO3),为保证含氮量相当,所需硝酸铵的质量是多少kg?写出计算过程。(注明:该小问属于附加题,可选做。)
21.
已知一个碳12原子质量的是1.67kg,又知氧的相对原子质量是16,一个氢原子的质量约为1.674kg。请根据要求回答下列问题:
(1)计算:
1个氧原子的实际质量=
氢的相对原子质量=
(2)水分子、氧分子、氢分子的模型分别为
求2个水分子、1个氧分子、2个氢分子的质量比是___________;
(3)不同数目的分子的真实质量之比与其相对分子质量乘以分子数目之比是___________(填“相等”或“不相等”)。
22.
某小组同学为探究分子的特征,进行了以下三个实验,请你参与其中,并回答下列问题:
探究实验1:两位同学各用100mL量筒分别取50mL水、50mL酒精,然后将这两种液体在其中一支量筒中混合,片刻后读数。其体积___________(填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”)100mL。你的解释_________________________________。
探究实验2:某同学为比较品红分子在热水和冷水中扩散的速率不同,设计了对照实验,该实验中除选用相同的两个烧杯和同时加入品红外,你认为还需要控制的变量有______________________,观测到现象是_________________________________。
实验探究3:小组同学利用下图实验探究水分子在直流电作用下的变化。

①用带火星木条接近液面下降较少的玻璃管尖嘴处,慢慢打开活塞,观察到的现象是______________________;
②用燃着木条接近液面下降较多的玻璃管尖嘴处,慢慢打开活塞,观察到的现象是______________________;
③写出水通电发生变化的文字表达式______________________;
④该实验理论上产生氢气与氧气的体积之比应为2:1。但实际观察到氢气与氧气的体积之比略大于2:1,你的猜想是______________________;
⑤该实验证实了分子的特征是_________________________________
试卷分析
  • 【1】题量占比

    简答题:(1道)

    单选题:(8道)

    选择题:(8道)

    填空题:(5道)

  • 【2】:难度分析

    1星难题:0

    2星难题:0

    3星难题:0

    4星难题:0

    5星难题:0

    6星难题:7

    7星难题:0

    8星难题:1

    9星难题:6