2011年初中毕业升学考试(云南昆明卷)化学

适用年级:初三
试卷号:296061

试卷类型:中考真题
试卷考试时间:2011/10/24

1.计算题(共1题)

1.
生活中有些胃药含有氢氧化铝[Al(OH)3]。请回答下列问题:
(1)它在人的胃内起什么作用  
(2)Al(OH)3中铝、氧、氢三种元素的质量比为  
(3)铝元素的质量分数为  。(计算结果精确到0.1%)

2.简答题(共2题)

2.
回答下列问题:
(1)请回忆老师做的“倾倒二氧化碳”的演示实验,并结合下图回答问题:

甲、乙两同学共同收集满两瓶质量相同的二氧化碳气体,并分别将二氧化碳气体慢慢倒入烧杯中,请分析回答:
①甲同学用甲图的倾倒方式向烧杯中倾倒足够的二氧化碳,我们观察到两根蜡烛是由下而上熄灭,请你告诉我们,为什么是由下而上熄灭?
答:
②乙同学用乙图的倾倒方式向烧杯中倾倒足够的二氧化碳,我们观察到的结果是两根蜡烛都没有熄灭,请你联系学科知识分析,用乙图的倾倒方式为什么二氧化碳没有进入烧杯?
答:
(2)请回忆教材中“酒精灯的使用方法”,并观察下列图形回答问题:
①只能用燃着的火柴或细木条去点燃酒精灯,用酒精灯引燃另一只酒精灯会引起失火,原因是
②为避免引起失火,用完酒精灯后,不能立即向酒精灯里添加酒精,应该用灯帽盖灭并且使酒精灯  后,再添加酒精。
3.
结合学科知识,联系实际,回答下列问题:
(1)请谈一谈学习了“金属的锈蚀与防护”后,你防止家中的菜刀生锈的方法是:_______。
(2)通过学习了“爱护水资源”后,知道了“水体污染的来源主要有工业污染、农业污染和生活污染”,请你就“水体污染”的防治提一点合理化的建议:_____________。
(3)炒菜时油锅中的油不慎着火,可用锅盖盖灭的原理是:___________________。
(4)“低碳”是指在生产和生活中不排放或少排放二氧化碳气体。请举出一个属于“低碳”能源的例子:_______________________。
(5)请回忆区分硬水和软水的演示实验,日常生活中区分硬水和软水最简便的方法是:_____________。
(6)“瘦肉精”时间尘埃未落,“染色馒头”、“回炉面包”、“牛肉膏”、“毒豆芽”又接踵而来,这些事件与非法添加食品添加剂有着千丝万缕的联系,同时也关系着人们的食品安全问题。你学习的课文“化学元素与人体健康”中对人体有益的食品添加剂的解释是“食品添加剂是用于_______的一类化学合成的或天然的物质。

3.科学探究题(共2题)

4.
现有银、铁、铜三种金属丝,为探究它们的金属活动性顺序,某同学设计了如下实验方案,请你根据他记录的相关信息,回答下列问题:
(1)填写下表“实验现象”
序号
实验步骤
实验结论
1
取铁丝浸入稀硫酸中

 
2
取铜丝浸入稀硫酸中
无现象
3
取银丝浸入硫酸铜溶液中

 
 
(2)三种金属的活动性由强到弱的顺序是    
(3)写出铁与稀硫酸反应的化学方程式
5.
请回忆你和老师共同完成的酸和碱反应的实验探究,并下列要求进行实验的设计与分析:
(1)请你依据下图设计一个酸和碱反应的探究实验:

实验步骤
实验现象
结论
①向烧杯中加入10mL氢氧化钠溶液,并滴入几滴酚酞溶液;
②再用滴管慢慢滴入稀硫酸,并不断搅拌溶液。
①溶液颜色
②不断搅拌溶液至溶液颜色恰好变成 色为止。
酸和碱发生了中和反应,该反应属四种基本反应类型中的 反应。
 
(2)我选取BaCl2、酚酞、紫色石蕊三种溶液设计实验,分别探究上述酸、碱反应后烧杯中的硫酸是否过量,请你根据下表帮我判断正确的实验方案及分析方案错误的原因:
实验方案
实验步骤
实验现象
实验结论
方案一
取样,滴入适量的氯化钡溶液
出现白色沉淀
硫酸过量
方案二
取样,滴入几滴无色酚酞溶液
酚酞溶液不变色
酸、碱恰好反应
方案三
取样,滴入几滴紫色石蕊溶液
溶液变红
硫酸过量
 
①设计的三个方案中,有一个正确的方案是:方案
②请分析另外两个方案,错误的原因:
一个方案错误的原因是:
另一个方案错误的原因是:

4.推断题(共1题)

6.
(1)下面是教材下册中“物质溶解时的吸热或放热现象”的活动与探究。请你一同完成该探究并回答有关问题:
水中加入的溶质
NaCl固体
NH4NO3固体
NaOH固体
加溶质前水的温度/℃
20
20
20
溶解现象
全部溶解
全部溶解
全部溶解
溶质溶解后溶液的温度变化
温度无明显变化
温度降低
温度升高
结论(“放热”或“吸热”)
固体氯化钠溶于水无明显放热和吸热现象
  
 
   
 
 
③根据物质溶解过程中发生的变化,说明NH4NO3固体溶解时扩散过程吸收的热量    水合过程放出的热量(填“<”或“>”或“=”符号)。
(2)下图“→”表示A在一定条件下可以转化为B,“—”表示相连的两种物质间在一定条件下可以发生反应。A、B、C、D各是一氧化碳、木炭粉、氧化铜、氧气中的某一种物质,请你推断(用化学式表示):

B是 ,D是

5.单选题(共10题)

7.
下列变化属于物理变化的是()
A.铁生锈B.食物腐烂C.冰雪融化D.蜡烛燃烧
8.
请根据化学方程式(2Mg+O22MgO)分析下图所示的四种说法,其中错误的是()

A. A B. B C. C D. D
9.
昆明市广大市民积极响应2011年3月27日晚20:30~21:30全球号召熄灯一小时的活动。与该活动的主要目的不相符的下列说法是()
A.节约能源B.减少温室气体排放
C.关注全球气候D.欣赏城市夜景
10.
关于CO和CO2的说法错误的是()
A.CO2是绿色植物光合作用的原料之一
B.CO能燃烧、具有毒性和还原性
C.CO2不供给呼吸的性质和CO的毒性都会致人死亡
D.CO和CO2性质和用途的较大差异,是因为组成它们的元素的种类不同
11.
如图是水的电解实验装置图,关于该实验的说法不正确的是(  )
A.该实验的主要目的是验证水的组成B.水电解产生的氢气和氧气的质量比是2:1
C.试管1中的气体能使带火星的木条复燃D.电解水的化学方程式是2H2O2H2↑+O2
12.
下列关于溶液的说法不正确的是()
A.升高温度,饱和溶液一定变成不饱和溶液
B.温度的溶解度与温度有关
C.一般情况下溶液的浓、稀与温度无关
D.溶液中的溶质可以是一种或多种
13.
下列有关酸、碱性质和用途的说法不正确的是( )
A.氢氧化钠在生活中可用来去除油污,可做炉具清洁剂
B.氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙化学性质相似,是因为其溶液中都含有金属离子
C.盐酸、硫酸化学性质相似,是因为其溶液中都含有相同的H
D.用食醋可除去热水瓶胆壁上的水垢
14.
下列对酸、碱、盐性质的归纳不正确的是()
A.酸能与某些金属氧化物反应生成盐和水
B.碱能与某些非金属氧化物反应生成盐和水
C.酸能与碱反应生成盐和水
D.有盐和水生成的反应一定是中和反应
15.
下列鉴别化肥的方法不合理的是()
A.用观察法可鉴别氮肥和磷矿粉
B.用闻气味的方法可鉴别碳酸氢铵和氯化铵
C.用加硝酸银溶液的方法可鉴别硝酸钾和氯化钾
D.用加入熟石灰研磨的方法可鉴别硫酸铵和氯化铵
16.
下列有关材料的说法错误的是( )
A.橡胶都是人工合成材料B.棉花、羊毛是天然纤维
C.涤纶、锦纶是合成纤维D.商场购物时用布袋代替塑料袋

6.选择题(共12题)

17.

完形填空
    One Saturday morning, John and his mother went 1 a shoe shop 2John a pair of new shoes. Mrs. Lee put her bag on a chair3she looked at some shoes. She could not see 4she liked and went away. Suddenly(突然) she said, “Oh, my bag, someone 5it away!” All the other people in the shop stopped 6 and looked at her. John ran after the man at once(立刻). A few minutes 7 , John came back with 8. He 9 it to his mother. She opened the bag and had a look in10.Then she said,“ Oh, god, nothing is lost.”

18.

完形填空
    One Saturday morning, John and his mother went 1 a shoe shop 2John a pair of new shoes. Mrs. Lee put her bag on a chair3she looked at some shoes. She could not see 4she liked and went away. Suddenly(突然) she said, “Oh, my bag, someone 5it away!” All the other people in the shop stopped 6 and looked at her. John ran after the man at once(立刻). A few minutes 7 , John came back with 8. He 9 it to his mother. She opened the bag and had a look in10.Then she said,“ Oh, god, nothing is lost.”

19.

   Most people want to be happy, but few know how to find happiness. Money and success alone do not bring lasting happiness. Aristotle, a Greek thinker, said, “Happiness depends upon ourselves.” In other words, we make our own happiness. Here are a few suggestions to help you be happier.
   The first secret of happiness is to enjoy the simple things in life. Too often, we spend so much time thinking about the future —for example, getting into college or getting a good job —that we fail to enjoy the present. You should enjoy life's simple pleasures, such as reading a good book, listening to your favorite music, or spending time with close friends. People who have several close friends often live happier and healthier lives.
   Another secret to living a happy life is to be active, and have hobbies where you forget your problems and time. Many people experience this dancing, or playing a sport, such as swimming. You can forget about your problems, and only think about the activity. Finally, many people find happiness in helping others. Studies show that people feel good when they spend their time helping others. If you want to feel happier, do good things for someone. You can help a friend with his or her studies, go shopping to buy food for an elderly person, or simply help out around the house by washing the dishes.

20.

先阅读短文,然后用下面方框中所给的单词或短语填空,使全文在逻辑上正确。(提示:选项中有一个是多余的。)

habit    result    talk to    get over    sorry   mad


I’d like to tell you a story about my best friend Jane. Last week in school we had a big fight, and she didn’t{#blank#}1{#/blank#} me. It all started when she asked me if she could copy my homework. I asked her why she wanted to do that, and she said that she had forgotten to do hers. I said I didn’t think it was a good idea. I said it would start a bad{#blank#}2{#/blank#} and she should do her own work. She got really{#blank#}3{#/blank#} at me and said she didn’t want to be my best friend anymore. I said that was OK and that I was sure she would {#blank#}4{#/blank#}  it. And she did. Yesterday she told me she was {#blank#}5{#/blank#}. She said it was much better if she did her own work.

21.

先阅读短文,然后用下面方框中所给的单词或短语填空,使全文在逻辑上正确。(提示:选项中有一个是多余的。)

habit    result    talk to    get over    sorry   mad


I’d like to tell you a story about my best friend Jane. Last week in school we had a big fight, and she didn’t{#blank#}1{#/blank#} me. It all started when she asked me if she could copy my homework. I asked her why she wanted to do that, and she said that she had forgotten to do hers. I said I didn’t think it was a good idea. I said it would start a bad{#blank#}2{#/blank#} and she should do her own work. She got really{#blank#}3{#/blank#} at me and said she didn’t want to be my best friend anymore. I said that was OK and that I was sure she would {#blank#}4{#/blank#}  it. And she did. Yesterday she told me she was {#blank#}5{#/blank#}. She said it was much better if she did her own work.

22.

   What's a typical(典型的)day like in Buenos Aires(布宜诺斯艾利斯)? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts 1. If his mother doesn't wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego 2 himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.
   Then it's time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick 3. He slings(抛)his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’4 to school.Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed5 history and music. At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites, 6 the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in 7 countries.
   When the 8 class ends, Diego and his friends 9 the bus to a city park to play football. Then he's back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and 10 they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!

23.

   Henry works in a factory. He comes from a poor family and was in school for only four years. He has to do the hard work, but he is paid less. He likes to watch football matches very much and spends much time on them.
   One afternoon there was a big football match on the playground. He borrowed some money from his friend and hurried there. There were a lot of people there. And all the tickets were sold out. He was sorry for it. He saw a pole(杆子)outside the playground and climbed it quickly. A policeman came and said, “It is dangerous to stay on it! Come down!”“Wait a minute, please!” Henry said and just at that moment the policeman heard cheers on the playground and asked in a hurry, “Which team has kicked a goal(进球)?” “Ours!” “Wonderful! You can stay there. But take care!” The policeman said happily and left. When the match would be soon over, he came back again and asked, “Who has won?” “Theirs, 3:2.” “Come down,” the policeman said angrily. “Such a match is not worth watching!”
Henry had to come down. But soon they heard cheers again. The policeman said in a hurry, “Climb up quickly and see who has kicked a goal.”

24.

   Henry works in a factory. He comes from a poor family and was in school for only four years. He has to do the hard work, but he is paid less. He likes to watch football matches very much and spends much time on them.
   One afternoon there was a big football match on the playground. He borrowed some money from his friend and hurried there. There were a lot of people there. And all the tickets were sold out. He was sorry for it. He saw a pole(杆子)outside the playground and climbed it quickly. A policeman came and said, “It is dangerous to stay on it! Come down!”“Wait a minute, please!” Henry said and just at that moment the policeman heard cheers on the playground and asked in a hurry, “Which team has kicked a goal(进球)?” “Ours!” “Wonderful! You can stay there. But take care!” The policeman said happily and left. When the match would be soon over, he came back again and asked, “Who has won?” “Theirs, 3:2.” “Come down,” the policeman said angrily. “Such a match is not worth watching!”
Henry had to come down. But soon they heard cheers again. The policeman said in a hurry, “Climb up quickly and see who has kicked a goal.”

25.

   Once Effendi had a joke with the Prime Minister (宰相). He said that the Minister would die the next day. The next day, the Minister fell to the ground from the horse and really died. When the king learned this, he got angry and sent his men to catch Effendi at once.When Effendi was brought to him, the king shouted angrily, “Effendi, since (既然)you knew when my Minister would die, you must know the date of your own death. Say it out, or you'll die today.”
   Effendi looked at the king for a while. Then he answered, “But how can I know? I'll die two days earlier than you.” The king was afraid that if he killed Effendi, he himself would die after that. He thought he must keep Effendi alive (活着) as long as possible, so he let Effendi go.

26.

   Are you a{#blank#}1{#/blank#}(健康的) child? Bob, a 14-year-old boy, is very unhealthy. He likes to {#blank#}2{#/blank#} (乘坐) his father's car to school. Sometimes he goes to school by {#blank#}3{#/blank#}(地铁).  He does exercise only {#blank#}4{#/blank#} ( 一次) a week. He likes eating {#blank#}5{#/blank#}(垃圾) food very much. This week his parents are in Paris on {#blank#}6{#/blank#} (度假). So he eats lots of unhealthy food every day. Now Bob is badly{#blank#}7{#/blank#}(生病的) in hospital. The doctor says, “ You should {#blank#}8{#/blank#} (经常)do exercise, and have a good {#blank#}9{#/blank#}(饮食) habits. It's {#blank#}10{#/blank#} (重要的) for your health. 

27.

根据下列句子及所给汉语注释,在句子空缺处写出各单词的正确形式(每空只写一词)。
 There are about two {#blank#}1{#/blank#} (百)students playing on the playground.
  The mother is {#blank#}2{#/blank#} (自豪的)of her son, because he is very successful in his work.
 There are many kinds of English {#blank#}3{#/blank#}(字典)in this bookstore. You can choose the one you like.
  Look at the photo{#blank#}4{#/blank#} (仔细地),and you will find our teacher.
 Would you mind{#blank#}5{#/blank#}(打开)the window? We need some fresh air.

28.

Food,  Drink &
Refreshment
Relax and unwind in our new state of the Loch Ness Eatery. Whether you are looking for a snack or a full meal we can provide almost anything to suit everyone. We will be ready for helping you at all times.
★ Fresh Tea. Coffee, Hot Chocolate etc.
★ Good choice of Home Baking and Cake
★ Home Made Soup and Sandwiches.
★ Sweets and Soft Drinks
★ Packed to aches for those who prefer a picnic.
★ Seating for over 150 visitors.
Tel:  +44(0)1456 450321
Web: www.lochness.com

7.填空题(共4题)

29.
请用化学用语填空:
写出下列符号中“2”的含义:
①H2__________________ ②Cu2+______________ ③ ____________
⑵写出下列物质的化学式:
①五氧化二磷______②硝酸银_______
⑶如图是某元素的原子结构示意图,该元素属于_____元素(填“金属”或“非金属”)
30.
写出下列反应的化学方程式:
(1)碳在充足的氧气中燃烧_________________。
(2)高温煅烧石灰石(CaCO3),可制的生石灰(CaO)和二氧化碳_________________。
(3)向盛有少量Na2CO3溶液的试管里滴入澄清的石灰水_________________。
31.
请回忆“溶液”这个单元的讨论,并回答下列问题:
(1)“溶液在生产和科研中具有广泛的用途,与人们的生活息息相关。联想生活中的实例,谈谈溶液的用途。”(要求谈两点)①________;②_________。
(2)有一杯食盐溶液,实验测得其上部密度为ag/cm3,下部密度为bg/cm3,则a与b的关系是a____b(填“﹤”或“﹥”或“=”符号)。
(3)将20℃时硝酸钾的不饱和溶液通过加热和不断加入硝酸钾晶体,使其在60℃时成为饱和溶液,再将该溶液降温到原温度(20℃)时,此时溶液为________(填“饱和”或“不饱和”)。
32.
物质的性质决定了物质的用途。
(1)现有下列物质:稀盐酸、熟石灰、纯碱、小苏打、大理石五种物质,写出符合下列要求的物质的名称或化学式。
①可用于金属表面除锈的物质 。②用于改良酸性土壤的物质
(2)有三瓶标签已损坏的无色溶液,只知道它们分别是盐酸、BaCl2溶液和Na2CO3溶液。某同学认为不用任何实际即可鉴别,他的鉴别依据是将三种溶液两两混合,混合时会产生沉淀的两种溶液是 ,会产生气泡的两种溶液是 ,无明显现象的两种溶液是

8.实验题(共3题)

33.
请回忆你观察过的“用木炭还原氧化铜”的演示实验,并根据图,回答问题:

(1)写出用木炭还原氧化铜的化学方程式:______________;
(2)反应进行一段时间后,为了进一步探究试管中剩余固体的组成,待试管冷却至室温后,取剩余固体于烧杯中,再加入过量稀硫酸,充分搅拌后过滤。
①若滤纸上留有黑色、红色固体,而滤液为无色,则滤液中的溶质是_______,试管中的剩余固体为_______;
②若滤纸上留有黑色、红色固体,而滤液呈蓝色,此时滤液中的溶质是_______。
34.
下列是实验室制取气体的常用装置图。请根据下图回答问题:

(1)写出仪器a、b的名称:a ,b
(2)若实验室用高锰酸钾制取氧气,应选择的发生装置及收集装置是 (填序号)。表示其反应原理的化学方程式为  
(3)实验室制取二氧化碳的发生装置及收集装置为 。表示其反应原理的化学方程式为
35.
请回忆“粗盐提纯”的活动与探究并回答下列问题:

(1)为了除去粗盐中可溶性杂质氯化镁(泥沙已除去),可进行如下操作:
①加水溶解②加过量的 溶液③过滤④加过量的稀盐酸,③④顺序不能交换的原因是
蒸发滤液的过程中,下列操作正确的是
A.把浑浊的液体倒入蒸发皿内加热
B.开始析出晶体后用玻璃棒搅拌
C.蒸发皿中出现较多固体时停止加热
D.待蒸发皿中液体蒸干后停止加热
试卷分析
  • 【1】题量占比

    计算题:(1道)

    简答题:(2道)

    科学探究题:(2道)

    推断题:(1道)

    单选题:(10道)

    选择题:(12道)

    填空题:(4道)

    实验题:(3道)

  • 【2】:难度分析

    1星难题:0

    2星难题:0

    3星难题:0

    4星难题:2

    5星难题:0

    6星难题:9

    7星难题:0

    8星难题:11

    9星难题:1