北京市育才学校2017-2018学年高二上学期期中考试物理试题

适用年级:高二
试卷号:190182

试卷类型:期中
试卷考试时间:2018/3/6

1.单选题(共11题)

1.
质量为的小球沿光滑水平面以的速度运动,其动量、动能的大小为(   )
A.B.
C.D.
2.
从同一高度自由落下的西瓜,掉在水泥地上易摔裂,掉在软垫上不易摔裂.这是因为(    )
A.掉在水泥地上,西瓜的动量大
B.掉在水泥地上,西瓜的动量变化大
C.掉在水泥地上,西瓜受到的冲量大
D.掉在水泥地上,西瓜受到的冲量和掉在软垫上一样大,但与水泥地的作用时间短,因而受到水泥地的作用力大
3.
弹簧振子在光滑水平面上做简谐运动,在振子向平衡位置运动的过程中( )
A.振子所受回复力逐渐增大B.振子位移逐渐增大
C.振子速度逐渐减小D.振子加速度逐渐减小
4.
一列沿轴正方向传播的简谐横波,某时刻的波形如图所示.为介质中的一个质点,此时刻质点的速度应是(   )
A.向正方向B.向轴负方向
C.向轴正方向D.向轴负方向
5.
一列周期为,沿轴方向传播的简谐机械横波,某时刻波形如图所示.已知此时处质点沿轴负方向运动,则下列描述正确的是(   )
A.这列波的振幅为
B.这列波的波速为
C.这列波的传播方向为沿轴正方向
D.此时处质点的加速度为
6.
下列关于机械波的描述正确的是(    )
A.所有的机械波都必有波峰和波谷
B.波绕过障碍物继续传播的现象叫波的干涉
C.当波源和接收者间相互靠近时,接收者接收到的波的频率会逐渐降低
D.由惠更斯原理知道,波的折射是由于不同介质中波速不同
7.
如图所示,两个频率、振动方向、初始相位均相同的波源是两个相干波源,由它们发出的波相互叠加,实线表示波峰,虚线表示波谷.则下列对三点振动情况的判断中,正确的是(   )
A.处始终是波峰与波峰相遇
B.处的振动始终互相减弱
C.处的振动既不增强也不减弱
D.处的振动始终互相减弱
8.
如图所示,在一根张紧的水平绳上挂几个单摆,其中的摆长相等,当摆振动起来后,其余各摆也振动起来,关于、四个单摆的摆动描述正确的是(   )
A.摆动得振幅最大
B.摆摆动得振幅最大
C.摆摆动得最快
D.摆摆动得最快
9.
一列声波从空气进入水中,下列物理量中不变的是(    )
A.波长B.波速C.频率D.振幅
10.
如图所示为某质点在内的振动图像,下列描述正确的是(   )
A.质点在时偏离平衡位置的位移为
B.质点在时偏离平衡位置的位移为
C.质点在前内的路程为
D.质点在前内的路程为零
11.
如图所示,一弹簧振子做受迫振动时的振幅与驱动力频率的关系,由图可知(    )
A.驱动力频率为时,振子处于共振状态
B.驱动力频率为时,振子的振动频率为
C.假如让振子做自由振动,它的频率为
D.振子做自由振动时,频率可以为

2.选择题(共1题)

12.

阅读短文,完成下列问题。

A

    In the film The Revenant the Leonardo DiCaprio adventure takes the basic facts of real-life frontiersman Hugh Glass's sufferings and adds extra characters, extra ultra violence and more horse guts.

    Hugh Glass was a frontiersman working in the upper Missouri river area in the early years of the 19th century. On a fur trapping expedition in 1823, he was attacked and injured by a grizzly bear.

    _____________

    Hugh Glass (Leonardo DiCaprio) is one of a group of men finishing up a fur trapping expedition in the wilderness. They are attacked by Ree (Arikara) warriors. Whoosh! Someone gets impaled on a spear. Bang! Someone gets shot off his horse. Crack! Someone's bones shatter. There's a fearless close-up of an arrow thwacking into a face, a gun butt bashing into a face, a flying kick to a face. A horse gets shot in the face. It's exceptionally well choreographed (取景) and filmed.

    This scene is based on a real-life incident: In June 1823, Ashley's band of around 70 men was attacked by Arikara warriors –they estimated around 600, though in the film it's more like a dozen.

    Characters

    In the film, 10 men get away. Fitzgerald is a fighter and racist, so he's the bad guy. Glass is the good guy, because he loves his son (who is half-Pawnee) in a gruff, manly way that involves telling him off a lot. The back story about Glass's love for a Pawnee woman is fiction. It has been suggested the real Glass had such a relationship, but there's no firm evidence –and no evidence that he had any children.

    Wildlife

    As the men make their way through a forest, Glass happens upon two bear cubs and their angry mama. If you felt pale after the face-smashing scene at the start, reach for the smelling salts. Chomp! Growl! Shake! The bear sniffs him to see if he's dead, then jumps up and down on his back. Splinter! Howl! Slash! Glass shoots the bear. Anyway, while historians are not certain of the precise details, the real Glass did get into a fight with a real bear, sometime in August 1823.

    Murder

    The men find Glass in a rum old state. Captain Henry pays Fitzgerald, Bridger and Hawk to stay behind until it is time for Glass's inevitable burial. When the captain leaves, Fitzgerald tries to bump Glass off. Hawk interrupts, so Fitzgerald bumps him off instead. This didn't happen in real life, because Hawk didn't exist. In the film, the weak Glass sees Fitzgerald kill his son, giving him an extra motivation to stay alive and seek revenge.

    Survival

    The real Glass survived his abandonment and dragged his battered body over hundreds of miles of terrain in pursuit of the men who left him for dead. Though he could read and write, Glass never set his story down in his own hand. It was first published by another writer in a Philadelphia journal in 1825. It may well have been modified then. It has been modified many times since.

    Hardship

    The film has invented some extra obstacles for Glass: it is snowing throughout, even though in real life his trek took place between August and October; the Arikara track him and chase him into a tree; he has to hollow out a dead horse to make himself a sleeping bag. As for the ending, it has been changed in one significant way: in real life, nobody got killed.

3.多选题(共3题)

13.
如图所示,与水平方向呈的恒力作用在质量为的物体上,由于地面对物体的摩擦力较大,物体没有被拉动.若经时间,取.则关于冲量下列计算结果正确的是(    )
A.重力对物体的冲量大小为
B.拉力对物体的冲量大小为零
C.摩擦力对物体的冲量大小为零
D.合力对物体的冲量大小为零
14.
如图所示,某质点做简谐运动的图像,以下说法正确的是(    )
A.时刻的速度相同
B.时间内,速度与位移同向
C.时间内,速度变大,位移变小
D.时刻的速度相同
15.
在机械波一章中我们引进了一个新的物理量叫做‘波长’,下列关于波长的描述正确的是(    )
A.相邻的、振动情况总相同的两个质点间距离
B.横波中,两波峰间的距离
C.机械波在一个这周期内传播的距离
D.在波形图中,波的图像的长度

4.填空题(共2题)

16.
质量为的小球沿光滑水平面以的速度冲向墙壁,又以的速度反向弹回。此过程中小球的动量变化量大小为__________.;小球的动量变化量的方向为__________.
17.
如图甲所示,为某一列简谐波时刻的图像,图乙是这列波上质点从这一时刻起的振动图像。请分析回答该列简谐波的波速大小为__________ ,及其传播方向为__________.

5.解答题(共5题)

18.
质量为的铅球,从米高处自由下落(忽略空气阻力),落至松软地面后经秒静止,取.试求:落地过程中地面对铅球的平均作用力大小和方向?
19.
一子弹质量为,以的速度击中静止于光滑水平地面的木块,木块质量为,击打后子弹留在木块中.试求:(1)击打结束后两者的速度;(2)此过程中系统机械能的损失量;(3)试说明此过程中能量的转化、转移情况?
20.
如图所示,质量分别为,静止子光滑的水平面上,其间有弹性势能为的被压缩的轻质弹簧.若放开此系统后,弹簧将两物体弹开,弹簧与两物体都不粘连.求:两物体弹开后各自的速度?
21.
如图所示,为一列在均匀介质中传播的简谐波在时刻的波形图.已知该列简谐波的波速为,且此时点振动方向沿轴负方向。求:

(1)该波的波长和周期为多少;
(2)该波的传播方向;
(3)在图上画出经过时的波形图.
22.
如图所示为一弹簧振子的振动图像,求:

(1)该弹簧振子振动的振幅、周期各是多少;
(2)该弹簧振子简谐运动的表达式;

6.实验题(共1题)

23.
学习了单摆的周期公式后,我们知道了可以利用此方法测重力加速度。高中阶段在实验室中“用单摆测重力加速度”是一种比较准确而简洁的方法.当我们用刻度尺和游标卡尺测出单摆的摆长为,再用秒表测量出单摆摆动多个周期的总时长,进而求出单摆摆动一个周期为.请同学们根据上述测量量给出求解重力加速度的公式:__________.
过几天,我们年级的同学将要去南京做研学项目了,我们计划让同学们完成“测定当地重力加速度”的任务,作为物理学科实践与拓展的项目.

如图甲所示,我们需要准备约长的细线,在靠近细线一端处测出长度,并做好标记.
在当地寻找小块重物代替小球,系于摆线下端。先按图乙方式组装,并测出此摆长时单摆摆动次的总时间,进而求出此单摆周期记为;再按图丙方式组装(依标记收起),再测出此摆长时单摆摆动次的总时间,进而求出此单摆周期记为
请用乙、丙两摆的周期和摆长之差,推导出本实验当地重力加速度的计算式:__________.
试卷分析
  • 【1】题量占比

    单选题:(11道)

    选择题:(1道)

    多选题:(3道)

    填空题:(2道)

    解答题:(5道)

    实验题:(1道)

  • 【2】:难度分析

    1星难题:0

    2星难题:0

    3星难题:0

    4星难题:0

    5星难题:0

    6星难题:14

    7星难题:0

    8星难题:8

    9星难题:0