江苏省邗江中学2018-2019学年高一上学期期中考试物理试题

适用年级:高一
试卷号:93855

试卷类型:期中
试卷考试时间:2018/11/30

1.单选题(共7题)

1.
小刚同学看新闻时发现:自从我国采取调控房价政策以来,曾经有一段时间,全国部分城市的房价上涨出现减缓趋势。小刚同学将房价的“上涨”类比成运动中的“加速”,将房价的“下降”类比成运动中的“减速”,据此类比方法,你觉得“房价上涨出现减缓趋势”可以类比成运动中的( )
A.速度增大,加速度减小B.速度增大,加速度增大
C.速度减小,加速度减小D.速度减小,加速度增大
2.
2016年1月1日南京扬子江隧道实施免费通行政策,大大缓解市民过江压力,该隧道全程7.36公里,设计时速为80 km/h,隧道管养护在夜间1:00-5:00.下列说法正确的是
A.汽车过7.36公里隧道指的是汽车运动的位移
B.设计时速80 km/h为瞬时速率
C.1:00养护开始指的时间间隔
D.在遵守规定的情况下,4 min内汽车可以通过隧道
3.
木星的卫星“爱奥”上有一火山,岩石竖直喷出后上升的高度可达100km.已知“爱奥”周围没有空气,重力加速度为1.8 m/s2,则岩石喷出时的最大速度为(  )
A.300 m/sB.3.6×104m/ sC.3.3×103m/sD.600 m/s
4.
质点做直线运动的位移x与时间t的关系为x=5tt2 (位移x与时间t的单位分别是米和秒),对于该质点的运动以下说法错误的是
A.第1 s内的位移是6 m
B.前2 s内的平均速度是7 m/s
C.任意相邻的1 s内位移差都是1 m
D.任意1 s内的速度变化量都是2 m/s
5.
如图所示是某质点做直线运动的x-t图象,由图象可知

A. 质点一直处于运动状态
B. 图象表示了质点运动的轨迹
C. 质点第5s内速度是2m/s
D. 质点前8s内位移是25m
6.
汽车在平直路面上匀速行驶,遇紧急情况刹车,加速度大小为4.0m/s2,经过5.0s停止运动.则汽车匀速行驶时的速度大小为(  )
A.10 m/sB.20 m/sC.30m/sD.40 m/s
7.
把一个薄板状物体悬挂起来,静止时如图所示.则对于此薄板状物体所受重力的理解,下列说法正确的是(  )
 
A.重力就是地球对物体的引力
B.重力大小和物体运动状态有关
C.重力的方向总是指向地心的
D.薄板的重心一定在直线AB上

2.选择题(共2题)

8.

阅读理解

    Bit by bit, the sand dust that fills the sky is dying down. The blue sky and the burning sun once again hang over the desert.

    He is on the road, driving his beat-up yellow cab. The sides of the road are littered with damaged vehicles. Masses of smoke in the distance tell him that a war is being dragged on throughout his country.

    It's a fine day despite the choking heat. Not a breath of wind is blowing.

    A group of vehicles are traveling towards him, carrying many passengers. The scene reminds him of the market days in this country when crowds of trucks transport folks to the markets; the only difference is, this time, they are not trucks, but tanks, carrying foreigners, guns in hand. He stares at them. They stare back. So they pass by one another.

    “The damned war!” he whispers bitterly. Two days ago, a bomb fell on the market in front of his house, destroying nearly everything in sight. He survived by luck. He decided then and there that he would give up this cab business. This will be his final run. After this, he will leave this place together with his wife and children.

    “Shala and my children, we'll soon meet each other again, after I'm done here.” He turns his head to take a glance at a photo of his wife and children. The glass on the frame is broken, but their smiles in the picture do not fail to provide him with the only comfort that he has.

    Shortly he arrives at a checkpoint. Tanks sit by the side of the road, the sight of which sends a marked coldness through his backbone. A bunch of soldiers armed to the teeth stand by. A foreign soldier signals him to stop. He calms himself down and pulls over. During the past few days, nearly no civilian(平民)vehicles come out of the capital city, his car being the only one on roads.

    A few foreign soldiers come up to him, one, two, three, four, five. The leader bends over to have a look at the old car, then at him. “Where do you come from and where are you going?” With a smile on his face, he answers with a broken speech in the tongue that the soldier can understand, “Sir, I come from the capital. I'm leaving that place because it is a very dangerous place to be, with the war and everything.”

    While talking, he hands a cigarette over to the soldier, then lights it up for him.

    “When will the war end?” he asks.

    “It won't take long. We'll soon give all of you in the capital the true freedom.” The soldier breathes a deep mouthful. He seems to have spotted the photo in the car, “The cigarette is not bad at all. Are those your wife and kids? I have two of my own, roughly the same age.”

    “Oh, yes, they are mine and they are constantly on my mind. They left the city a bit earlier, and I'm on my way to be reunited with them. Perhaps I'm never coming back. Driving a cab around during war times is too dangerous. I'm giving up the business.” He looks at the soldier, still smiling.

    “After we overthrow your dictator(独裁者), you won't have that to worry about. You can come back and pick up your life again.” The soldier is leaning on the door of the car. It is perhaps the first time in many days that he has seen a happy face among the local people. It cheers him up.

    “Maybe, but I have to go to see my family. If you would pay us a visit, my wife will prepare a good meal for all of you. Come with me. This is going to be my last business run and I won't even charge you.

    “Can't make it. We're on duty. Give our regards to your wife and kids.” The soldier is a bit excited, thinking maybe quite some locals have open arms for them after all. “Oh, yes, I almost forgot. The south is battle-infected. Where is your family?”

    Still smiling, he picks up the broken picture frame, presses a kiss on the photo, then turns around, staring into the eyes of that soldier, not quite himself from excitement, and the other foreign soldiers holding guns. Words drop out of his lips slowly but firmly: “Paradise.”

    Perhaps the last thing he sees is the confused, fearful, twisted expression on the face of that soldier, and the cigarette end dropping from his fingers. Then he pushes the button.

9.

阅读理解

    Bit by bit, the sand dust that fills the sky is dying down. The blue sky and the burning sun once again hang over the desert.

    He is on the road, driving his beat-up yellow cab. The sides of the road are littered with damaged vehicles. Masses of smoke in the distance tell him that a war is being dragged on throughout his country.

    It's a fine day despite the choking heat. Not a breath of wind is blowing.

    A group of vehicles are traveling towards him, carrying many passengers. The scene reminds him of the market days in this country when crowds of trucks transport folks to the markets; the only difference is, this time, they are not trucks, but tanks, carrying foreigners, guns in hand. He stares at them. They stare back. So they pass by one another.

    “The damned war!” he whispers bitterly. Two days ago, a bomb fell on the market in front of his house, destroying nearly everything in sight. He survived by luck. He decided then and there that he would give up this cab business. This will be his final run. After this, he will leave this place together with his wife and children.

    “Shala and my children, we'll soon meet each other again, after I'm done here.” He turns his head to take a glance at a photo of his wife and children. The glass on the frame is broken, but their smiles in the picture do not fail to provide him with the only comfort that he has.

    Shortly he arrives at a checkpoint. Tanks sit by the side of the road, the sight of which sends a marked coldness through his backbone. A bunch of soldiers armed to the teeth stand by. A foreign soldier signals him to stop. He calms himself down and pulls over. During the past few days, nearly no civilian(平民)vehicles come out of the capital city, his car being the only one on roads.

    A few foreign soldiers come up to him, one, two, three, four, five. The leader bends over to have a look at the old car, then at him. “Where do you come from and where are you going?” With a smile on his face, he answers with a broken speech in the tongue that the soldier can understand, “Sir, I come from the capital. I'm leaving that place because it is a very dangerous place to be, with the war and everything.”

    While talking, he hands a cigarette over to the soldier, then lights it up for him.

    “When will the war end?” he asks.

    “It won't take long. We'll soon give all of you in the capital the true freedom.” The soldier breathes a deep mouthful. He seems to have spotted the photo in the car, “The cigarette is not bad at all. Are those your wife and kids? I have two of my own, roughly the same age.”

    “Oh, yes, they are mine and they are constantly on my mind. They left the city a bit earlier, and I'm on my way to be reunited with them. Perhaps I'm never coming back. Driving a cab around during war times is too dangerous. I'm giving up the business.” He looks at the soldier, still smiling.

    “After we overthrow your dictator(独裁者), you won't have that to worry about. You can come back and pick up your life again.” The soldier is leaning on the door of the car. It is perhaps the first time in many days that he has seen a happy face among the local people. It cheers him up.

    “Maybe, but I have to go to see my family. If you would pay us a visit, my wife will prepare a good meal for all of you. Come with me. This is going to be my last business run and I won't even charge you.

    “Can't make it. We're on duty. Give our regards to your wife and kids.” The soldier is a bit excited, thinking maybe quite some locals have open arms for them after all. “Oh, yes, I almost forgot. The south is battle-infected. Where is your family?”

    Still smiling, he picks up the broken picture frame, presses a kiss on the photo, then turns around, staring into the eyes of that soldier, not quite himself from excitement, and the other foreign soldiers holding guns. Words drop out of his lips slowly but firmly: “Paradise.”

    Perhaps the last thing he sees is the confused, fearful, twisted expression on the face of that soldier, and the cigarette end dropping from his fingers. Then he pushes the button.

3.多选题(共4题)

10.
下列说法中正确的是(   )
A.物体通过的路程不等,但位移可能相同
B.时刻表示时间极短,时间表示时间极长
C.速度是描述物体的位置变化快慢的物理量
D.如果物体的体积很大,则不能被看成质点
11.
以下对于加速度的认识,错误的是
A.加速度数值很大的运动物体,速度可以很小
B.加速度数值很大的运动物体,速度的变化量必然很大
C.加速度数值很大的运动物体,速度可以减小得很快
D.加速度数值减小时,物体运动的速度值也必然随着减小
12.
一物体自距地面高H处自由下落,不计空气阻力,经时间t落地,此时速度为v,则(  )
A.t/2时物体距地面高度为H/4B.t/2时物体距地面高度为3H/4
C.物体下落H/2时速度为vD.物体下落H/2时速度为v/2
13.
一辆汽车在平直公路上做刹车实验,零时刻起,汽车运动过程的位移与速度的关系式为,下列分析正确的是
A.上述过程的加速度大小为10 m/s2
B.刹车过程持续的时间为2 s
C.0时刻的初速度为10 m/s
D.刹车过程的位移为10 m

4.解答题(共5题)

14.
如图所示,水平地面O点正上方的装置M每隔相等的时间由静止释放一小球。当某小球离开M的同时,O点右侧一长为L=1.2m的平板车开始以a= 6.0m/s2的恒定加速度从静止开始向左运动,该小球恰好落在平板车的左端。已知平板车上表面距离M的竖直高度为h =0.45m.忽略空气的阻力,重力加速度g取l0 m/s2

(1)小球自由落至平板车上表面经历的时间是多少?
(2)求小车左端离O点的水平距离s
(3)若至少有2个小球落到平板车上,则释放小球的时间间隔Δt应满足什么条件?
15.
冰壶比赛是冬奥会的重要项目。比赛中冰壶在水平冰面上的运动可视为匀减速直线运动直至静止,已知一冰壶被运动员推出的初速度大小为3m/s,其加速度大小为0.2m/s2,求:冰壶从运动到静止的过程中

(1)平均速度的大小;
(2)10s末的速度大小;
(3)20s内的位移大小。
16.
一火车以2m/s的初速度,0.5m/s2的加速度做匀加速直线运动,求: 
(1)火车在第3 s末的速度是多少? 
(2)在前4 s的平均速度是多少? 
(3)在第5 s内的位移是多少?
17.
一质点从距离地面45m的高度自由下落,重力加速度g=10m/s2,求:
(1)质点落地时的速度;
(2)下落过程中质点的平均速度;
(3)最后1s内质点走过的位移大小
18.
某一长直赛道上,有一辆F1赛车,前方200m处有一安全车正以10m/s的速度匀速前进,这时赛车从静止出发以2m/s2的加速度追赶.求:
(1)赛车何时追上安全车;
(2)追上之前与安全车最远相距多大;
(3)当赛车刚追上安全车时,赛车手立即刹车,使赛车以4m/s2的加速度做匀减速直线运动,问两车再经过多长时间再次相遇.(设赛车可以从安全车旁经过而不发生相撞)

5.实验题(共2题)

19.
在“探究匀变速直线运动的规律”的实验中
⑴目前实验室用的打点计时器有电火花打点计时器和电磁式打点计时器两种,它们的原理基本一样,所接电源均为的______(填“交流”或“直流”)电源,若频率为50Hz,则每隔______s打一次点。
(2)根据打点计时器打出的纸带,可以直接测量得到的物理量是_____(填选项代号).
A.位移 B.速度 C.加速度 D.平均速度
(3)下列操作中正确的有______(填选项代号).
A.在释放小车前,小车要靠近打点计时器
B.打点计时器应放在长木板的有滑轮一端
C.应先接通电源,后释放小车
D.打点计时器应使用直流电源
20.
在研究匀变速直线运动的实验中,如图所示为一次记录小车运动情况的纸带,图中A、B、C、D、E为相邻的记数点,相邻记数点间有4个计时点未标出,设A点为计时起点:

(1)由图判断小车做__________直线运动,
(2)相邻记数点间的时间间隔为_______s,
(3)BE间的平均速度=__________m/s,
(4)C点的瞬时速度vC=___________m/s,
(5)小车的加速度a=_____________m/s2
试卷分析
  • 【1】题量占比

    单选题:(7道)

    选择题:(2道)

    多选题:(4道)

    解答题:(5道)

    实验题:(2道)

  • 【2】:难度分析

    1星难题:0

    2星难题:0

    3星难题:0

    4星难题:1

    5星难题:0

    6星难题:7

    7星难题:0

    8星难题:10

    9星难题:0