1.简答题- (共4题)
1.
在氧气中点燃红磷的实验过程，固体变化如图所示．
(1)从燃烧条件分析，固体质量在t1前没有发生变化的原因为______；
(2)该反应的化学方程式为______；
(3)参加反应的氧气质量为______g．
(1)从燃烧条件分析，固体质量在t1前没有发生变化的原因为______；
(2)该反应的化学方程式为______；
(3)参加反应的氧气质量为______g．
2.
图1是氮元素和铝元素在元素周期表中的部分信息，图2是元素周期表的一部分，请根据图示回答问题。
（1）铝原子在化学反应中易_____（填“得到”或“失去”）电子形成离子，铝离子的化学符号为_____。
（2）氮元素与铝元素的根本区别是_____不同。
（3）A和D的原子结构示意图中，最外层电子数的关系是A_____D（填“＜”、“＝”、“＞”）。
（1）铝原子在化学反应中易_____（填“得到”或“失去”）电子形成离子，铝离子的化学符号为_____。
（2）氮元素与铝元素的根本区别是_____不同。
（3）A和D的原子结构示意图中，最外层电子数的关系是A_____D（填“＜”、“＝”、“＞”）。
3.
如图是验证二氧化碳性质的实验：
(1)在A处能观察到两支蜡烛______(填序号)熄灭．
A、从下而上 B、从上而下 C、同时
(2)根据实验A的现象可得出二氧化碳的什么物理性质：______；还可得出______的化学性质．因此在一般情况下可用CO2来作______．
(3)在B处能观察到塑料瓶变瘪的同时，还能观察到____的现象，说明了二氧化碳能与_____反应，请用化学式表示该反应：______．
(1)在A处能观察到两支蜡烛______(填序号)熄灭．
A、从下而上 B、从上而下 C、同时
(2)根据实验A的现象可得出二氧化碳的什么物理性质：______；还可得出______的化学性质．因此在一般情况下可用CO2来作______．
(3)在B处能观察到塑料瓶变瘪的同时，还能观察到____的现象，说明了二氧化碳能与_____反应，请用化学式表示该反应：______．
4.
某同学用锌和稀硫酸制取氢气．向气体发生装置中加入一定量锌粒，将30g稀硫酸分三次加入，每次生产气体的质量如下表．
（1）共制得氢气 g．
（2）所用稀硫酸的溶质质量分数．
| 次数 | 第一次 | 第二次 | 第三次 |
| 加入稀硫酸质量/g | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 生成氢气质量/g | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
（1）共制得氢气 g．
（2）所用稀硫酸的溶质质量分数．
2.计算题- (共1题)
5.
葡糖中含有丰富的白藜芦醇（C14H12O3），具有抗癌性能，抑制癌细胞的增生。请计算：
（1）白藜芦醇的相对分子质量为______；
（2）白藜芦醇中氢、氧两种元素的质量比为______（填最简比）。
（1）白藜芦醇的相对分子质量为______；
（2）白藜芦醇中氢、氧两种元素的质量比为______（填最简比）。
3.推断题- (共1题)
6.
A、B、C、D、E、F、G是初中化学常见的物质，A是赤铁矿的主要成分，B、D组成元素相同，E是最轻的气体。根据图中相互转化关系回答下列问题(部分反应物、生成物、反应条件已略去)。
(1)写出B、G的化学式：B______，G______。
(2)写出有关反应的化学方程式：
①______，②______。
(1)写出B、G的化学式：B______，G______。
(2)写出有关反应的化学方程式：
①______，②______。
4.科学探究题- (共1题)
7.
某研究小组为验证铁、铜、锌、银的金属活动性顺序，设计如图甲所示三个实验(三种金属均已用砂纸打磨过，其形状和大小相同，稀盐酸的浓度和用量也相同)．
(1)一段时间后，观察到实验B的铜片表面有银白色固体附着，且溶液由无色变为___色，这说明铜比银的金属活动性___(选填“强”或“弱”)，该反应的化学方程式为___．
(2)甲同学认为通过实验A和C可比较锌和铁的金属活动性，他依据的实验现象是___．
(3)乙同学认为仅仅通过上述实验不足以得出四种金属的活动性顺序，因此在上述实验的基础上，乙同学又补做了一个实验，装置如图乙所示，且实现了探究目的．乙同学的实验：X是金属___，Y是___溶液．
(1)一段时间后，观察到实验B的铜片表面有银白色固体附着，且溶液由无色变为___色，这说明铜比银的金属活动性___(选填“强”或“弱”)，该反应的化学方程式为___．
(2)甲同学认为通过实验A和C可比较锌和铁的金属活动性，他依据的实验现象是___．
(3)乙同学认为仅仅通过上述实验不足以得出四种金属的活动性顺序，因此在上述实验的基础上，乙同学又补做了一个实验，装置如图乙所示，且实现了探究目的．乙同学的实验：X是金属___，Y是___溶液．
5.单选题- (共16题)
8.
在化学反应C+O2
CO2中，下列说法正确的是( )
CO2中，下列说法正确的是( )| A．反应前后分子总数保持不变 |
| B．每1份质量的碳和1份质量的氧气恰好完全反应 |
| C．该反应的反应物是二氧化碳 |
| D．在点燃的条件下，碳和氧气反应生成二氧化碳 |
10.
分析推理是一种重要的化学思维方法，以下推理正确的是
| A．置换反应有单质和化合物生成、则有有单质和化合物生成的反应都是置换反应 |
| B．单质中只含有一种元素，则只含有一种元素的物质一定是单质 |
| C．点燃可燃性气体前要验纯，所以点燃H2前一定要验纯 |
| D．催化剂在化学反应前后质量不变，因此反应前后质量不变的物质都是催化剂 |
13.
2018年央视“3.15”晚会曝光了一些山寨饮料，原料为大量添加剂，其中一种是山梨酸钾（C6H7KO2）。下列有关山梨酸钾的说法不正确的是（ ）
| A．山梨酸钾是由碳、氢、钾、氧四种元素组成的化合物 |
| B．山梨酸钾中碳、氢、钾、氧四种元素的质量比为6：7：1：2 |
| C．山梨酸钾中氢元素的质量分数最小 |
| D．一个山梨酸钾分子中含有16个原子 |
14.
人体吸入的O2有2%转化为活性氧，它加速人体衰老，被称为“夺命杀手”。我国科学家尝试用Na2SeO3清除人体内的活性氧，Na2SeO3中的Se（硒）元素的化合价是
| A．＋2 | B．＋4 | C．＋6 | D．－2 |
16.
下列实验现象的描述，正确的是( )
| A．硝酸铵溶于水时，溶液温度明显降低 |
| B．硫在空气中燃烧，产生明亮的蓝紫色火焰 |
| C．把铁钉放入硫酸铜溶液中，有铜析出 |
| D．碳还原氧化铜，固体由红色变黑色 |
18.
下列有关碳及其化合物的说法正确的是（ ）
| A．CO2是导致酸雨的主要气体 |
| B．CO和CO2组成元素相同，所以它们的化学性质相同 |
| C．金刚石、石墨是碳的单质，而C60是碳的化合物 |
| D．在高温条件下，碳能使CO2转变成CO |
19.
现有等质量甲、乙、丙三种金属，分别放入三份溶质质量分数相同的足量稀硫酸中，产生氢气的质量与反应时间的关系如图所示（已知甲、乙、丙在生成物中化合价均为+2价）。则下列说法中错误的是（ ）
| A．金属活动性：乙＞甲＞丙 | B．生成氢气的质量：甲＞乙＞丙 |
| C．相对原子质量：乙＞丙＞甲 | D．消耗硫酸的质量：甲＞乙＞丙 |
22.
十九大指出“绿水青山就是金山银山”。为使人民生活环境更美好，下列做法错误的是（ ）
| A．废弃塑料集中到野外焚烧 | B．禁止露天烧烤 |
| C．大力植树造林，增加植被面积 | D．垃圾分类回收，集中处理 |
23.
蚊香是夏日驱除蚊虫的常用物品。下列说法错误的是( )
| A．用打火机点燃蚊香，目的是使温度达到蚊香的着火点 |
| B．燃着的蚊香要悬空放置在金属架上，远离其它可燃物 |
| C．蚊香对人体不会造成任何危害 |
| D．熄灭蚊香的方法可以将燃着的部分剪除 |
6.选择题- (共2题)
24.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual ant hardly weigh anything, but together they weigh almost the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops or around the Antarctic. For animals their size, ants have been surprisingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social conduct.
In groups that vary in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear distribution of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. While we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend mostly on pheromone (信息素), which is a kind of chemical released by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of a group. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the whole group to prepare for a defensive fight.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will take on an animal much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and beating their target. They show so much devotion to their group that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
United and devoted, these little animals have survived on the earth for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a united intelligence greater than you would expect from one small individual ant.
C
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual ant hardly weigh anything, but together they weigh almost the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops or around the Antarctic. For animals their size, ants have been surprisingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social conduct.
In groups that vary in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear distribution of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. While we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend mostly on pheromone (信息素), which is a kind of chemical released by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of a group. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the whole group to prepare for a defensive fight.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will take on an animal much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and beating their target. They show so much devotion to their group that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
United and devoted, these little animals have survived on the earth for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a united intelligence greater than you would expect from one small individual ant.
25.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual ant hardly weigh anything, but together they weigh almost the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops or around the Antarctic. For animals their size, ants have been surprisingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social conduct.
In groups that vary in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear distribution of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. While we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend mostly on pheromone (信息素), which is a kind of chemical released by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of a group. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the whole group to prepare for a defensive fight.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will take on an animal much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and beating their target. They show so much devotion to their group that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
United and devoted, these little animals have survived on the earth for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a united intelligence greater than you would expect from one small individual ant.
C
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual ant hardly weigh anything, but together they weigh almost the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops or around the Antarctic. For animals their size, ants have been surprisingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social conduct.
In groups that vary in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear distribution of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. While we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend mostly on pheromone (信息素), which is a kind of chemical released by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of a group. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the whole group to prepare for a defensive fight.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will take on an animal much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and beating their target. They show so much devotion to their group that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
United and devoted, these little animals have survived on the earth for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a united intelligence greater than you would expect from one small individual ant.
7.填空题- (共5题)
26.
下图为乙醇在氧气中燃烧的微观示意图，其中“
”表示氧原子，“
”表示碳原子，“
”表示氢原子。
（1）该化学反应中，共涉及______种分子；
（2）反应过程中，属于氧化物的是______（填图中的序号）；
（3）在该反应中，下列叙述正确的是______（填序号）；
（4）写出该反应的化学方程式______。
”表示氧原子，“”表示碳原子，“”表示氢原子。（1）该化学反应中，共涉及______种分子；
（2）反应过程中，属于氧化物的是______（填图中的序号）；
（3）在该反应中，下列叙述正确的是______（填序号）；
| A．元素的种类没有改变 | B．原子的个数没有改变 |
| C．分子的个数没有改变 | D．物质的个数没有改变 |
27.
利用能源、节约能源、保护环境是我们大家共同关注的社会问题．
(1)下列物质：天然气、氢气、乙醇、汽油、柴油，其中属于最清洁的燃料的___
(2)海底埋藏着大量的“可燃冰”，可成为未来的新能源，其主要成分是甲烷水合物，甲烷的化学式为____．
(3)煤燃烧时会排放出二氧化硫、二氧化氮等污染物．在一定条件下，二氧化氮能发生反应：SO2+NO2=SO3+X，其中X的化学式为___．三氧化硫与氢氧化钠反应的化学方程式是__．
(4)生活中，人们常常利用燃料燃烧反应产生的能量来做饭、取暖．下列有关说法正确的是__．
A．化学反应过程中都会发生放热现象
B．在化学反应中只有燃烧反应才能放出热量
C．在当今社会，人类需要的大部分能量是由化学反应产生的．
(1)下列物质：天然气、氢气、乙醇、汽油、柴油，其中属于最清洁的燃料的___
(2)海底埋藏着大量的“可燃冰”，可成为未来的新能源，其主要成分是甲烷水合物，甲烷的化学式为____．
(3)煤燃烧时会排放出二氧化硫、二氧化氮等污染物．在一定条件下，二氧化氮能发生反应：SO2+NO2=SO3+X，其中X的化学式为___．三氧化硫与氢氧化钠反应的化学方程式是__．
(4)生活中，人们常常利用燃料燃烧反应产生的能量来做饭、取暖．下列有关说法正确的是__．
A．化学反应过程中都会发生放热现象
B．在化学反应中只有燃烧反应才能放出热量
C．在当今社会，人类需要的大部分能量是由化学反应产生的．
29.
人类社会的发展离不开金属。
（1）钢铁的锈蚀主要是铁与空气中的______等物质发生化学反应的结果；
（2）黄铜片（铜锌合金）和铜片相互刻画，在铜片上留下刻痕，说明黄铜片的硬度比铜片的硬度______（填“大”或“小”）；
（3）将一定量的镁粉加入到含有硝酸银和硝酸铜的溶液中，充分反应后过滤，往所得固体中加入稀盐酸，有气体产生。则所得滤液中的溶质是______（填化学式）。
（1）钢铁的锈蚀主要是铁与空气中的______等物质发生化学反应的结果；
（2）黄铜片（铜锌合金）和铜片相互刻画，在铜片上留下刻痕，说明黄铜片的硬度比铜片的硬度______（填“大”或“小”）；
（3）将一定量的镁粉加入到含有硝酸银和硝酸铜的溶液中，充分反应后过滤，往所得固体中加入稀盐酸，有气体产生。则所得滤液中的溶质是______（填化学式）。
30.
如图所示为X、Y、Z三种固体物质（不含结晶水）的溶解度曲线，请回答下列问题。
（1）t2℃时，三种物质的溶解度的大小关系是______；
（2）t1℃时，100g水中最多溶解______g物质X；
（3）t3℃时，等质量X、Y、Z的饱和溶液分别降温到t1℃，溶液质量没有变化的是______；
（4）X中含有少量Y，应采用______的方法提纯X。
（1）t2℃时，三种物质的溶解度的大小关系是______；
（2）t1℃时，100g水中最多溶解______g物质X；
（3）t3℃时，等质量X、Y、Z的饱和溶液分别降温到t1℃，溶液质量没有变化的是______；
（4）X中含有少量Y，应采用______的方法提纯X。
8.实验题- (共1题)
试卷分析
-
【1】题量占比
简答题:(4道)
计算题:(1道)
推断题:(1道)
科学探究题:(1道)
单选题:(16道)
选择题:(2道)
填空题:(5道)
实验题:(1道)
-
【2】：难度分析
1星难题：0
2星难题：0
3星难题：0
4星难题：0
5星难题：0
6星难题：6
7星难题：0
8星难题：10
9星难题：13